1. Nationalism:2.0 Feelings give way to blood and steel (and the roots of a much bigger problem)

2. On Thursday – What did you read? What is nationalism? Why would it be a “unique” idea at the start of the 1800’s? How does romanticism tie into the idea of nationalism? In general, when do you think people get “nationalistic?” What might be another term for nationalism?

3. Italy and Germany in a Nutshell in the early 1800’s Italy Napoleon combines much of Italy into the Kingdom of Italy. – Congress of Vienna undoes it, but ideas remain. Giuseppe Mazzini – Young Italy – No one older than 40 could join. Why Romantic nationalism wasn’t enough – Austria controlled two major Italian states – Italy was culturally divided Germany 39 German states – German Federal Diet – No decisions could be made. Austria and Prussia Problem – – Two large empires controlled parts of Germany – Lots of different nationalities Poles, Italians, Serbs, Czechs, Hungarians

4. So…. Lets stop talking about our feelings Romanticism gives way to realism. – No more talking about our feelings! Rise of the realpolitik – “politics of reality” – tough national politics in which idealism has no part

6. Italy Mazzini had failed to unify Italy Kingdom of Sardinia – Strong Italian state Count Camillo di Cavour – He is CRAFTY… – I like to call him C3 – Literally embodies what it means to be a realpolitik – “pale ghost of Machiavelli” – Some doubted his goal of Italian Unification. C3 knows he needs to get rid of Austria – Can’t do it by himself, needs to get a strong ally Allies with France C3 thinks Napoleon III is not that bright… – Napoleon III thinks C3 is not that bright… – In a secret meeting, N3 agrees to drive out Austria in exchange for Nice and Savoy C3 provokes war, N3 does his thing – Austria retreats. While N3 is fighting Austria, Italian nationalists are busy unifying northern Italy against Austria – And also France Napoleon thought that he could take over Italy after he got rid of Austria… – DOH! 1860 – All of France accept Venetia is unified.

7. The Red Shirts Cavour also helps to unify the South – Also in secret Giuseppe Garibaldi leads small army to “liberate” Sicily – “Red Shirts” So successful, decides to march north to bring Nice back to Italy – Nice had been given to N3! – Screwing with C3’s plans! By 1871 – all of Italy is unified under one constitutional monarch and parliament! – Victor Emmanual II becomes king – Cavour died before seeing Italy unified.

8. Problems for Unified Italy Turf Wars – Cultural differences north and south No strong leadership Many people left Italy – Immigrated to the US!

9. Germany Germany was a mess – 39 states all belonged to the German Confederation Austria and Prussia were the two strongest Austria – Center for German culture – Most people in Austria were not German – Lacked industrial development Prussia – Population mostly German – Strong in trade – Industrially developed – Powerful army

10. Ol’ Blood and Iron Prussian king William I made Otto Von Bismarck his Prime Minister – Goal: Unify Germany – Problem: Austria “Germany is clearly too small for us both” – “The Great Speeches of our day cannot be solved by speeches and majority votes… but by blood and iron.”

12. The Less Confusing Map

13. Bismarck the Realpolitik Two quick wars with Denmark – Victorious, wins small amounts of land Real goal, get the Prussian blood pumping and to earn some respect! 1866 – Provokes war with Austria – Seven Weeks War Prussian rail lines the key Austria is humiliated – Has to give up land – Leaves German Confederation – Needs to rebuild and pacify the non-Austrians 1867 – the rise of the Austrian Hungarian Empire – Dual Monarchy Two equal states with two governments – One Army – One foreign policy.

14. Bismarck is not Done 1867 – Prussia controls all of Northern Germany. Southern Germany mostly Catholic – Prussia primarily Protestant Bismarck needs a threat to make the southern German states want to be part of Prussia.

15. So…. Crafty Bismarck A crisis in Spain arises – Napoleon III is concerned that France will be surrounded by relatives of William I N3 sends an ambassador to Prussia Bismarck makes up a story that he leaks to the press – William I and ambassador have insulted each other! Prussians and French are OUTRAGED and demand war. July 19, 1870 – France declares war on Prussia – Which is EXACTLY what Bismarck wanted By September, 1870 – 100,000 French are captured – Included N3!

16. France’s Defeat…. And the Seeds of Revenge! France has to pay 5 billion francs Has to give up Alsace and Lorraine No… they are not ladies – Two regions of France rich in coal and iron. January 18, 1871 – William I goes to Versailles – Crowns himself Kaiser of the 2 nd Reich