1. IV. Europe split between identity fractions and a strong desire for unity Centripetal and Centrifugal forces working simultaneously 45-50 States in Europe (depending on definition) Europe = the most fragmented continent on earth

2. A.Nations assert recognition of their national sovereignty on a cultural basis Trend increased in last 20 yrs breaking up of empires and Federations (e.g. USSR, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia)

3. Balkans & East vast movements of national religious groups recomposing – New states & borders emerging

4. Some members witnessed their national unity challenged (e.g. Belgium, UK, Italy, Spain) due to weight of internal divisions Scotland Referendum 2014 Basque Separatists French and Dutch divisions

5. Map 1: How many devolutionary pressures can you name? Devolution: the transfer of power from the central government to sub- governments

6. Red names indicate regions with movements that only claim greater autonomy within the actual state. Black names indicate regions with important secessionist movements, although both categories include moderate movements. The nations highlighted in colors are the territories claimed by the local nationalist groups, including areas out of the state's borders and cases of annexation to other states. Map 2 of autonomist movements in the European Union, September 2013 -

8. B. In West, European nation-states 1st to enter exceptional supranational project EEU Economic Unit EC Political Unit EU Federation

9. Video: A Brief Summary of the History of the EU Enlargement Which countries have applied for membership? Which countries’ applications have been accepted? Which countries hope to apply?

10. Video: Criticism of Serbia and Turkey in EU enlargement report 2012 What has the EU Commission stated as a condition for Serbia to join the EU? On what grounds is Turkey’s admission criticized?

11. The EU and the Euro Crisis Video: Emerging Stronger from the Crisis – the European vision

12. Euro pessimists vs. Euro optimists

14. Case Study 1: Turkey and the EU

15. Case Study 2: The UK and Devolution