1. Nuclear Science in Africa
(What is New or Planned)
Kobus Lawrie – iThemba LABS
Nuclear Science and Facilities in Africa
Algeria and Reunion
New Developments in South Africa
AMS
New 3 MV Tandetron for Materials Research
Low Energy RIB
Accelerated RIB

2. Particle Accelerators for Research
Facilities in Africa
Research Reactors
Particle Accelerators for Research

3. Countries Participating in the IAEA AFRA programme
(African Regional Cooperative Agreement for Research, Development and Training Related to Nuclear Science and Technology)
5 Year Publication Output in selected Nuclear Physics Journals
AFRA enjoys a membership of 34 countries in Africa
Programmes
Human health
Food and agriculture
Water resources
Sustainable energy development
Industrial applications
Radiation and waste safety
South African Small Accelerator Facilities Workshop in November 2014
agreed to expand to rest of Africa

4. Reunion - applications in Medical and Biological sciences
GIP CYROI at the University of Reunion
Small cyclotron for 18F production
- applications in Medical and Biological sciences
- microPET (for Preclinical Imaging)
iThemba LABS collaboration on the usage of a 68Ge/68Ga
generator for the development and evaluation of
various 68Ga-labelled DOTA-conjugated
somatostatin derivatives (peptides)

5. Algeria 50 year old 3.75 MV Van de Graaff – p, d and 
Mainly for Materials Science and Applications
- Stopping Power, Straggling, Sputtering, Radiation Damage
- Ion Beam Analysis (RBS, PIXE, ERDA, NRA etc)
Planned:
6 MV Tandetron at COMENA, Algiers
with both light ion and heavy ion sources
Materials Science and Applications programmes as above
Some nuclear astrophysics studies
3 MV Tandetron at University of Science and Technology, Algiers
Current research collaboration with iThemba LABS
-ray production cross sections with protons on light elements
E(p) = 30 – 200 MeV (continuation of work at Orsay)

6. South Africa
Necsa:
20 MW Research Reactor (remaining life years)
- mainly for isotope production
- neutron tomography, small angle scattering, diffraction
RFQ – 4 MeV deuterons for neutron production
iThemba LABS:
6 MV Van de Graaff
6 MV Tandem
K=8 solid pole cyclotron – high current protons
K=8 solid pole cyclotron – heavy ions
K = 200 Separated Sector Cyclotron

7. Ion sources for p,  and HI
Replacement of the 50 years old Van de Graaff accelerator of iThemba LABS
Existing Van de Graaff
3 MV Tandetron
Ion sources for p,  and HI
Delivery November 2016

8. Biological Samples: Metal-hyperaccumulating plants and related insects
Berkheya coddii Roessl. (Asteraceae) Endemic - ultramafic soils South Africa Nickel hyperaccumulator Up to 7.6 wt.% of Ni in leaves (average 1% of dry mass) Phytoremediation and phytomining Ni
Quantitative maps of Ni distributions of Berkheya coddii and Senecio anomalochrous leaf cross-section
South Africa - 5 hyperaccumulating plants
Cuba - about 130 hyperaccumulating plants
Chrysolina pardalina
Potential weed control

9. Proposed layout of the 3 MV Tandetron facility at iThemba LABS
Microprobe
Broad beam PIXE, RBS, Channelling
Heavy-ion Implantation

10. Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) system at Gauteng site of iThemba LABS
Refurbished Tandem fitted with Pelletron chain
Electrostatic and magnetic analysers
Livermore designed Ion source – 300 A

11. High Energy Analysis system from NEC
12C3+ transmission better than 35%.
Determined 13C3+/12C3+ - in agreement with natural abundance
Identified 14C peak
12C sample prep lab near completion
14C dating by end of 2015

12. Isotope Production
Experimental area
70 MeV
Cyclotron
ISOL
Isotope Production and Particle Therapy - Monday to Friday
Nuclear Physics - weekends only

13. Phase 0: (Funded $3.3m)
- Design Study ($ 0.7m )
- Test Ion Source/”Demonstrator” ($2.6m)
(Un-accelerated Radioactive Beam Facility)
Phase 1: (~ $ 55m)
- 70 MeV Cyclotron and beam lines
- Isotope Production Target Stations
Isotope Production moves to new facility
SSC exclusively available for physics with stable beams
and Unaccelerated Radioactive Beams from “Demonstrator”
Phase 2: (~$ 55m)
- ISOL target stations
- Laser Ionization, mass seperation, charge breeding
- Post-acceleration (existing SPC2 and SSC)
- Experimental Facilities

14. Phase 0 Test Ion Sources (Demonstrator)
Later to be used for
-decay studies
Testing fundamental symmetries (lifetimes)
Materials sciences (Mössbauer, Emission channelling)
Design of Tape station under investigation
Use existing Ge detectors

15. SPES RIB Target Collaboration with INFN Legnaro
SPES direct target designed for 40 MeV at 200 A
Upgraded to 70 MeV beam
UCx or SiC target discs
Power in this design
limited to
P = 70 MeV x 150 µA
= kW
More than doubles the fission yield (2 x 1013)

16. High – Power Test of SiC Target
60 μA, 66MeV = 4 kW

17. design of beam lines completed
Test Ion Source
MoA with Legnaro signed; Target and Ion source ordered (Delivery 1st half of 2016)
design of beam lines completed
Started purchasing beam line components (mainly vacuum)
Discussions on licencing underway
First beam late 2016/2017
50 A at 66 MeV  6 x 1012 fissions/s
A competitive low energy RIB facility

18. RIB Phase 1: 70 MeV Cyclotron
•Diameter < 4m
•Weight > 120t
•Magnetic field: 1.55T
•Magnetic Gap: 30mm
•Extraction Radius: 1.2m
•2 exit ports
• Particles: H- / D- / He2+/ HH+
• Energy : 15 MeV  70 MeV
• Performances:
750μA H- @ 70MeV
35μA He2+ @70MeV

19. RIB Phase 1: Layout

20. Phase 1: Funding 220 A from 2 ports 2 weeks/month
Radionuclide
Annual production
(mCi)
Annual revenue
2015/16 (1000 Rand)
Ga-67
4 800
1 000
I-123
12 000
2 300
Sr-82
95 696
Ge-68
41 600
73 000
Na-22
12 960
Total Revenue 100% Sold
Total Revenue 80% Sold
220 A from 2 ports 2 weeks/month
Research Funding for ½ of cyclotron cost
Commercialization of Isotope production to fund the remainder

21. Phase 2: Layout (Preliminary)

22. Upgrade SPC2 and SSC: Overall transmission to reach up to 30%
Present SPC2 inflector unsuitable for heavy-ions
Double-drift buncher in injection line before SPC2
Puts 80% of beam within phase acceptance
Presently have Variable Frequency Flat-Topping on SPC1
Introduce the same to SPC2
Variable frequency flat-topping on SSC
Upgrade Vacuum
Overall transmission to reach up to 30%

23. Power deposited in target 132Sn beam intensity (pps)
Beam Intensity Comparison
Facility
Beam Energy
Beam Current
Power deposited in target
Fissions per second
132Sn beam intensity (pps)
HRIBF, Oak Ridge, USA
40 MeV
10 µA
0.4 kW
4×1011
2×105
ISOLDE, CERN, Switzerland
1.0–1.4 GeV
2 A
4×1012
107
TRIUMF, Canada
450 MeV
70 µA
17 kW
HIE ISOLDE upgrade, CERN
2×108
SPIRAL II, GANIL, France (initial)
40 MeV (d)
5 mA
200 kW
1014
3 ×108
SPES, INFN-Legnaro, Italy, baseline
200 µA
8 kW
1013
3 ×107
iThemba LABS (Phase 2)
70 MeV
150 µA
10.5 kW
2×1013
iThemba LABS (later upgrade)
500 µA
35 kW
6 ×1013
1 ×108

24. Upgrade of experimental facilities
- Array (aim for 10% efficiency)
Solenoid Spectrometer
- internal target
- reactions on light targets
- external target
- heavy ion transfer with -coincidence

25. Upgrade of experimental facilities
In-flight production of n-deficient beams
Fusion-evaporation; inverse kinematic
Beam A ~ 120
1 pµA; 6 MeV/A
A ~ 20
Products A ~ 140
~ 4MeV/A 107 pps
Coulex

26. (developments at iThemba LABS)
Summary
(developments at iThemba LABS)
First AMS facility in Africa (end 2015)
Modern Electrostatic Accelerator for IBA at below 1 position resolution (April 2017)
Low energy RIB (~2018)
Technical design study for RIB Project completed early in 2016
RIB Phases I and II can contribute to the advances in nuclear physics internationally
Contribute to the growth of Nuclear Science in Africa