1. Abiotic Disorders Read Chapter 9 OBJECTIVES OF ABIOTIC DISEASES At the end of this section students should be able to: 1) Know and understand the types of tree injuries caused by abiotic disorders 2) Be able to discern the difference between abiotic and biotic diseases 3) Understand the patterns of abiotic injuries and how they occur 4) Know what the major air pollutants are and how they influence forest ecosystems 5) Understand how air pollutants are dispersed in the atmosphere 6) Understand the influence of nutrient deficiencies and toxicities on tree health 7) Be familiar with patterns of injuries caused by animals

2. Abiotic Disorders Pattern of injuries

3. Temperature & Moisture Disorders -High Temperatures Heat Defoliation Sunscald Winter Sunscald Heat Injury Birch Dieback

9. Temperature & Moisture Disorders Low Temperatures Frost Injury Frost Crack Frost shake

13. Temperature & Moisture Disorders Water Deficiencies Drought Winter Browning / Winter Drying / Red Belt

18. Temperature & Moisture Disorders Water Excesses

19. Nutrient Deficiencies & Imbalances –Iron Chlorosis

21. Abiotic Disorders Herbicide & Chemical Disorders

28. Abiotic Disorders Mechanical Injuries - Weather Events -Animal Damage -Construction / Landscaping

32. Porcupine Damage Mouse / Mole / Vole Damage

38. Abiotic Disorders AIR POLLUTION –Types of Air Pollutants Primary Pollutants Secondary Pollutants Acid Rain Excess Nitrogen

39. AIR POLLUTION Primary Pollutants Sulfur Dioxide - SO 2 Hydrogen Fluorides - HF

40. AIR POLLUTION Secondary pollutants - Ozone O 3 NO 2 + sunlight = NO + O O + O 2 = O 3 NO + O 2 = NO 3 NO 3 + O 2 = NO 2 + O 3 NO 2 and O 3 in the atmosphere = SMOG

41. Secondary pollutants PAN - Peroxyacetyl nitrate NO + CH3-OH + Sunlight = CH 3 -COONO 2

42. AIR POLLUTION Secondary Pollutants Acid Rain SO 2 + H 2 O = H 2 SO 4 CO 2 + H 2 O = H 2 CO 3

43. AIR POLLUTION Secondary Pollutants Excess Nitrogen NO + H 2 O = NHO 3

45. AIR POLLUTION Dispersion of Air Pollutants

46. Damage Caused by Air Pollutants Sulfur dioxide Hydrogen fluoride

54. Air pollution Damage Caused by Air Pollutants Ozone PAN

61. Air pollution Management of Air Pollutants Elimination of the source The use of resistant plant varieties The use of chemical protectants Forecasting air pollution episodes

62. Abiotic Disorders QUESTIONS TO ANSWER FOR ABIOTIC DISEASES: 1)Describe the general patterns of injury produced by abiotic factors. 2)Describe the steps necessary for you to tell if a tree had insect damage, a biological disease, a non-biological disease or animal damage. 3)Describe how temperature and moisture excesses influence tree health. 4)What nutrient deficiencies are most likely to occur in forest trees? 5)What are the three main sources of air pollutants affecting forests? 6)What do sulfur dioxide and ozone do to plants? 7) How does acid precipitation and excess nitrogen deposition influence forests?