1. Green Computing Mobile Phones and Applications Maziar Goudarzi

2. Outline Significance of mobile phones Mobile phone internals Cellular phone infrastructure Major points of energy consumption Greener life by mobile phones 2

3. History Analog Cellular Networks – 0G, 1G – 0G: 1947, ATT UHF-VHF Frequencies – 1G: 1978, AMPS FDMA Digital cellular networks – 2G – 1990, Finland – Europe: GSM – USA: CDMA Two 1991 GSM mobile phones with several AC adapters

4. History (cont’d) 2G extensions – 2.5G – 2G + data service – CDMA2000 1x, GPRS, EDGE Mobile broadband data – 3G – Demand for data service – Packet switching instead of circuit switching – Various standards, hard to converge – 2 Mbit/s maximum data rate indoors, 384 kbit/s outdoors – 1 st pre-commercial: NTT DoCoMo, Japan May 2001 – Mobile internet, Dongles 4

5. History (cont’d) Higher speed data – 3.5G, 3G+, Turbo 3G – High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) – Down-link speeds of 1.8, 3.6, 7.2 and 14.0 Mbit/s Native IP networks – 4G – 2009: Bandwidth-intensive applications E.g. streaming media 3G networks would be overwhelmed – Data optimized technologies – WiMax in US, LTE in Scandinavia 5 Further reading: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones

6. Basic Operation of Cell Phones Half-duplex radioFull-duplex radio 6 Half duplex Walkie-talkie CB: Citizen Band Radio Full duplex Cell phones

7. Basic Operation of Cell Phones Old Style: Central Radio Tower One tower per town Limited channels (25) available Powerful radios needed Limited number of simultaneous talkers Walkie Talkie: 1 channel CB: 40 channels Cellular Networks Share frequencies across cells Cell phones: 1664+ channels

8. Cell Phone Internals Disassembled Cell PhoneMechanical Parts

9. http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/article/ HONSHI/20080226/148031/

10. P905i Main Board 10 The baseband processing IC is single-packaged into a package-on-package (PoP) with the application processor

11. W53H Main Board

12. 920SH Main Board 12

13. Cell Phone Components Main components Baseband processor Application processor Power supply Keyboard and display controllers Camera/GPS/WiFi/etc. Power supply unit Various connectors http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/inside-cell-phone.htm The microprocessor (Ericsson phones use an ASIC version of the Z-80)microprocessor

14. An Interesting Project Cell Phone Implant 2002: Royal college of Art, London Vibration transmitted from tooth to inner air Participants confirmed to hear crystal clear voices through teeth! Got people think about implantable phone technology http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/cell-phone- implant.htm

15. Smart Phones What is it? Between normal phone and PDA Install applications Additional features – Accelerometer – Proximity sensor – Ambient light sensor Software stack – OS (Android, iOS, Windows Mobile OS)

16. Google Phone Google phone 1.The G1, 2008 2.Nexus One, 2010 Android OS – 2008 – Linux based – Open source – Compare to Apple iOS The HTC G1 is the first phone to feature the Google Android OS. The Nexus One is the first phone to be sold by Google directly to consumers. Further reading: http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/google-phone1.htm

17. Current State: Touch, Feel, Locate, Hear, See, Connect 17

18. Top 5 Emerging Phone Technologies 1. WiFi Phones2: Mobile Augmented Reality http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/emerging-phone-technologies1.htm Use WiFi to place calls by phone (VoIP) Add location-based information to your surroundings 18

19. Top 5 Emerging Phone Technologies 3: Open Source Cell Phones4: Mobile Payment transfer or pay money instantly from any bank account or credit line phone software which can be used on almost any cell phone 19

20. Top 5 Emerging Phone Technologies 5: Tactile Feedback touch screen which feels and reacts when you type on it 20

21. Environmental Impact Energy efficiency Elimination of toxins Recyclability Green Apps Radiation emissions – http://www.ewg.org/cellphone-radiation http://www.ewg.org/cellphone-radiation 21

22. Coming Next Energy efficiency techniques in mobile phones 22