1. Characteristics of Living Systems

2. Living Systems Biology
- The science of life and all living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, and distribution. It includes botany and zoology and all their subdivisions.
BOTANY – study plants
ZOOLOGY – study animals
PALEONTOLOGY – study past (ancient) life forms
ECOLOGY – study of life and surroundings (environments)

3. Living Systems 1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells
2. All organisms are able to grow, reproduce and adapt
3. All organisms use energy
4. All organisms maintain homeostasis
5. All organisms respond to the environment
6. All organisms receive instructions from DNA

4. 1. Cell Theory All living things are made up of cells.
Cells are the smallest working units of all living things.
All cells come from preexisting cells through cell division.

5. Definition of Cell
A cell is the smallest unit that is capable of performing life functions.

6. Examples of Cells Amoeba Proteus Plant Stem Bacteria Red Blood Cell
Nerve Cell

7. Prokaryotic Eukaryotic (animal cells)
Two Types of Cells
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic (animal cells)

8. 2. Adaptation
Any structure, behavior, process that promotes survival of a species.
Cactus – have thorns
Camels – have humps of FAT on their backs
Camels foot – webbed to trek terrain

9. 3. Organisms use energy All Life needs energy-
photosynthesizers use solar energy, (autotrophs)
chemosynthesizers use chemical energy, (autotrophs)
Most other organisms use the energy stored as the bodies of the these two. (heterotrophs)

10. 4. Homeostasis
Steady state of being regardless of external surroundings.
Maintaining a stable internal environment
Shiver when cold.
Sweat when hot.

11. 5. Environment- surroundings
Biotic factors – all things alive or that once lived.
Abiotic factors – all things that never lived but affect life.

12. 6. Instructions from DNA
Every living thing has DNA. That means that you have something in common with a zebra, a tree, a mushroom and a beetle!!!!

13. Classification Taxonomy naming system for the organization of life.
Grouping or categorizing based on similarities
Modern classification began with the work of Carolus Linnaeus,
who grouped species according to shared physical characteristics.
In the life sciences, binomial nomenclature is the formal method of naming species. As the word "binomial" suggests, the scientific name of a species is formed by the combination of two terms: the genus name and the species descriptor.

14. Classification of living systems
Kingdoms
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

15. } Classification 6 KINGDOMS Animalia Plantae Fungi Protista
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Viruses are not classified as living. Viruses do however demonstrate reproductive capabilities like living things. They are smaller than bacterial cells! }
Used to be 1 kingdom- Monera (Bacteria only)

16. The 6 kingdoms Prokaryotes (Used to be 1 kingdom, Monera) Eukaryotes
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Eukaryotes
Fungi
Protista
Animal
Plantae

17. Overview of the 6 kingdoms
Archaebacteria
Unicellular
Live in extreme environments
Prokaryotic
Eubacteria
“Common bacteria”

18. Overview of the 6 kingdoms
Protista
Eukaryotic
Unicellular or colonial
Lots of different life styles
Fungi
Cell walls made of chitin
Multicellular
External heterotrophs

19. Overview of the 6 kingdoms
Plantae
Eukaryotic & Multicellular
Cell walls made of cellulose
Autotrophic
Animalia
No cell walls
Internal heterotrophs

20. Let’s look at an example!

21. What is my name?
Puma ?

22. What is my name?
Devil Cat ?

23. What is my name?
Ghost Cat ?

24. My real name is Puma concolor
What is my name?
My real name is Puma concolor

25. Binomial Nomenclature
There are at least 50 common names for Puma concolor.
Common names vary according to region, country or language.
Soooo……why use a scientific name?

26. Binomial Nomenclature
   
Two name system for writing scientific names.
The genus name is written first (always Capitalized).    
The species name is written second (never capitalized).    
Both words are italicized if typed or underlined if hand written. The name is also in Latin (a dead language).

27. Binomial Nomenclature
More examples-
Genus and species Common name Range
Panthera leo
Lion
Africa (Asia)
Panthera onca
Jaguar
N. & S. America
Panthera pardus
Leopard
Africa, Asia, Europe
Panthera tigris
Tiger
Asia

28. How many organisms are out there?
Scientists currently estimate that
There are 10 million species worldwide
Over 5 million live in the tropics
Most unnamed species are small or microscopic

29. Why is taxonomy useful? Helps prevent confusion among scientists
Helps to show how organisms are related
Can be used to reconstruct phylogenies – evolutionary histories – of an organism or group

30. Organization of LIFE CELL – BASIC UNIT OF LIFE TISSUE- MANY CELLS
ORGANS- MANY TISSUES
ORGAN SYSTEMS-GROUPED ORGANS
ORGANISMS – CONTAINS ORGAN GROUPS
SPECIES- GROUPS OF THE SAME ORGANISM