1. Cattell (1905-1998) & Eysenck (1916-1997)

2. Factor Analysis Statistics technique Based on correlations  Correlation coefficient - a measure of the association between two variables 0 = no association +1 = strong positive association –1 = strong negative association

3. Correlations Positive CorrelationNegative Correlation lowhighlowhigh low

4. Factor Analysis Correlation matrix assertconfcomptalkcheeralertthouIQ assertive -0.800.870.020.100.050.060.11 confident -0.990.150.060.100.020.50 competitive -0.140.030.200.040.02 talkative -0.900.200.010.13 cheerful -0.100.130.10 alert -0.900.99 thoughful -0.95 IQ -

5. Cluster analysis  Factor - cluster of highly correlated measures (another word for “trait”)

6. 16 Source Traits Measured by Cattell’s Questionnaire “16PF” Warmth Reasoning Emotional Stability Dominance Liveliness Rule-Consciousness Social Boldness Sensitivity Vigilance Abstractedness Privateness Apprehension Openness to Change Self-Reliance Perfectionism Tension

7. The 16 Factor Theory: Cattell surface traits:  traits that are correlated, but correlation is superficial (grouping them together does not really explain behavior) source traits:  basic, underlying grouping of personality traits that cause behavior  Found 16 source traits  Constitutional source traits  Environmental-mold traits

8. Beyond Personality Tests Three Sources of Data  Q-data: questionnaire data (16PF, etc.)  T-data: objective test data (reaction time, etc.)  L-data: life record data (tickets, etc.)

9. Nomothetic and Idiographic Approaches: R-technique  nomothetic  studies groups P-technique  idiographic  studies individuals

10. Eysenck’s Views of Personality Superfactors or types a. Extroversion (vs Introversion) b. Neuroticism (vs Stability) c. Psychoticism

11. Biological Bases of Personality Early version  emphasized excitation/inhibition Later version  emphasized the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) visceral brain (VB)

12. Is Anatomy Destiny? Cattell: Some traits are heritable; others are environmental Eysenck: Superfactors are heritable

13. Psychopathology Cattell: Two Approaches  Imbalance of normal traits  12 Abnormal traits Eysenck  Abnormally high levels of the 3 superfactors

14. Psychotherapy Cattell  Personality testing should precede therapy  Eclectic approach to therapy Eysenck  Personality testing should precede therapy  Only scientifically demonstrated therapies should be used (ie, behavior therapy okay, psychoanalysis not okay)

15. The Big Five

16. The 5-factor model OPENNESS CONSCIENTIOUSNESS EXTRAVERSION AGREEABLENESS NEUROTICISM "ocean"

17. openness original imaginative daring has broad interests aesthetically sensitive needs variety liberal in values

18. Conscientiousness careful well-organized punctual ambitious persevering

19. Extraversion sociable fun-loving affectionate friendly

20. Agreeableness forgiving lenient sympathetic agreeable softhearted

21. Neuroticism worried insecure self-conscious temperamental

22. Heritability of the 5 factors.36 extraversion.28 agreeableness.31 neuroticism.28 conscientiousness.46 openness (Loehlin, 1992, p. 67)