1. Energy Flow Through an Ecosystem copyright cmassengale1

2. Nearly all of Earth’s energy begins with the sun! Sunlight is necessary for organisms to produce their own energy. copyright cmassengale2

3. Organisms that make their own energy (glucose) during photosynthesis are called PRODUCERS. Plants are producers copyright cmassengale3

4. The process by which plants (producers) make food is called "photosynthesis". "photo" = light "synthesis" = putting together This happens to EVERY plant, and to some bacteria and algae, too. Without photosynthesis, plants wouldn't exist Photosynthesis

5. What do plants need for photosynthesis to occur? ENERGY is stored in glucose

7. A process in which plants, animals, and humans take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide. Plants- Take in oxygen through the stoma and use it to get the energy they need to burn food. Humans and animals- Take in oxygen to help them burn digested food and get energy. Respiration

8. CELLULAR RESPIRATION Chemical reaction that converts glucose and oxygen into usable energy that allows organisms to perform the necessary life processes. copyright cmassengale 8 6O 2 + C 6 H 12 O 6  6H 2 O + 6CO 2 + energy It’s a cycle! The O 2 — CO 2 cycle or photosynthesis/ respiration cycle.

9. PhotosynthesisRespiration Occurs in the presence of light (and chlorophyll in plant cells) Occurs at all times in cells Requires energy (light) to make glucose (sugar) Releases energy from glucose (sugar) Carbon dioxide and water are needed. Carbon dioxide and water are the waste products. Oxygen is given out.Oxygen is taken in. Photosynthesis vs. Respiration http://www.neok12.com/php/watch.p hp?v=zX787d585f475a015b5c7c06&t =Photosynthesis

10. Transpiration is the flow of water through a plant. Transpiration is essentially evaporation of water from plant leaves. Studies have revealed that about 10 percent of the moisture found in the atmosphere is released by plants through transpiration. http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycletranspiration.html http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycletranspiration.html An acre of corn gives off about 3,000-4,000 gallons (11,400-15,100 liters) of water each day, and a large oak tree can transpire 40,000 gallons (151,000 liters) per year. http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycletranspiration.html http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycletranspiration.html Transpiration

12. Interactions Within Ecosystems

13. Ecology—the scientific study of interactions between different organisms their environment

14. An ecologist would study organisms that live in an ecosystem. Ecosystems are a network of living and non-living things that interact. The size of the ecosystem depends on the shared similarities between living and non-living things—can be small or very large.

15. Biotic—living factors that influence an ecosystem Abiotic—non-living factors that influence an ecosystem

16. Who makes up an ecosystem? Organisms within an ecosystem are classified into: – Individuals—singular organisms – Populations—all the individuals that belong to one species in a habitat – Communities—all the combined populations in a habitat

17. Ecological Niche – an organism’s role in an ecosystem. This includes its: place in the food web, habitat (home), breeding area, etc. Within ecosystems, each organism has its own specific niche. No two species fulfill exactly the same role.

18. Example: The ecological niche of a sunflower growing in a backyard includes: absorbing light, water and nutrients (for photosynthesis), providing shelter and food for other organisms (e.g. bees, ants, etc.), and giving off oxygen into the atmosphere.

19. If a new, exotic species is introduced into an ecosystem, it will have to compete with any species that is already fulfilling the same niche the new species would. Eventually, one of the two species will be out-competed and cannot survive in the ecosystem. During this process, the entire ecosystem will be disrupted.

20. Terrestrial Ecosystems Terrestrial ecosystems are limited by four major abiotic factors: 1.Soil 2.Available Water 3.Temperature 4.Sunlight

21. Aquatic Ecosystems These ecosystems are affected by three major abiotic factors: – chemical environment (level of dissolved oxygen) – light levels (this is the most important abiotic factor) – Water temperature

22. Relationships within an Ecosystem

23. Consumers that eat producers to get energy… primary consumers Must be herbivores (plant-eaters) or omnivores (plant and meat eaters) copyright cmassengale23 Organisms that cannot make their own energy are called CONSUMERS.

24. Most of the energy the primary consumer gets from the producer is used by the consumer. copyright cmassengale24 Some of the energy moves into the atmosphere as heat.

25. Some energy in the primary consumer is STORED & not lost to the atmosphere or used by the consumer itself. This energy is available for another consumer (predator). copyright cmassengale25

26. A Consumer that Eats Another Consumer for Energy: Is called a secondary consumerIs called a secondary consumer May be a carnivore or a omnivoreMay be a carnivore or a omnivore May be a predatorMay be a predator May be a scavengerMay be a scavenger copyright cmassengale26

27. Most of the energy the secondary consumer gets from the primary consumer is used by the secondary consumer. copyright cmassengale27 Some of the energy is lost as heat, but some energy is stored and can passed on to another consumer.

28. A consumer that eats a consumer that already ate a consumer: Is called tertiary consumerIs called tertiary consumer May be a carnivore or a omnivoreMay be a carnivore or a omnivore May be a predatorMay be a predator May be a scavengerMay be a scavenger copyright cmassengale28

29. Consumers that eat other dead consumers are called scavengers copyright cmassengale29

30. All dead and decaying matter at each level is broken down by decomposers such as bacteria and fungi. The recycling of raw materials and nutrients back into the soil after decomposition—a process call biodegradation, is vital to all ecosystems. 30

31. The transfer of energy from the sun to producer to primary consumer then to higher order consumers can be shown in a FOOD CHAIN. copyright cmassengale31

32. Another way of showing the transfer of energy in an ecosystem is the ENERGY PYRAMID copyright cmassengale32

33. Energy Pyramids Show Amount of available energy decreases for higher order consumersAmount of available energy decreases for higher order consumers It takes a large number of producers to support a small number of primary consumersIt takes a large number of producers to support a small number of primary consumers It takes a large number of primary consumers to support a small number of secondary consumersIt takes a large number of primary consumers to support a small number of secondary consumers copyright cmassengale33

34. Remember: Every chemical process that happens in your body releases heat as a byproduct (ex: burning calories). Rule of 10—only about 10% of the available energy within a trophic level is transferred to the next higher trophic level Biomass Pyramid—represents the amount of living organic matter at each trophic level

35. Energy PyramidBiomass Pyramid 100% 10% 1% 0.1%

36. Food Webs: Are interconnected food chainsAre interconnected food chains They show the feeding relationships in an ecosystemThey show the feeding relationships in an ecosystem copyright cmassengale36

37. Identify the Producers, Consumers, & Decomposers: copyright cmassengale37 Count the Food Chains!