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Chapter 4 – Ecosystems and Communities
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4-1 The Role of Climate In the atmosphere, temperature, precipitation, and other environmental factors combine to produce weather and climate. - weather is the day-to-day conditions - climate is the average year-to-year conditions in a region
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The Greenhouse Effect - Carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and a few other atmospheric gases trap heat energy and maintain Earth’s temperature range. - greenhouse effect is the natural situation in which heat is retained by the layers of greenhouse gases
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Latitude- Earth is a sphere tilted on its axis and receives sunlight at different angles throughout the year -Three main climate zones: polar, temperate, and tropical Heat is transferred around Earth by winds and ocean currents
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4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
Ecosystems are influenced by a biological and physical factors. - biotic factors = biological influences - abiotic factors = physical, nonliving factors - habitat = the area in which an organism lives; biotic and abiotic factors; an organism’s address
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Niche Niche = full range of physical and biological conditions and interactions; organism’s occupation
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Community interactions
- competition – struggle for resources: water, nutrients, light, food, space - predation – predator catches and feeds off of prey
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- symbiosis – “living together”
- mutualism = both species benefit; flowers and insects; ants and aphids
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- commensalism = one member benefits and other is neither benefited or harmed; barnacles and whales; orchids and tree
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- parasitism = parasite lives on or in a host which generally weakens the host; tapeworms and mammals; fleas, ticks and mites and mammals;
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Ecological succession – predictable changes over time
- primary succession – occurs on new surfaces - secondary succession – occurs after natural events like fires - aquatic succession – 1. whale dies… scavengers 2. nutrients decompose and support marine worms 3. oil in bones eaten by bacteria
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Succession
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Major Land Biomes
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Tropical Rain Forest – tall trees from canopy over the understory; hot and wet year-round; nutrient-poor soil Boa constrictor Black Jaguar Sloth Jaguar Orchids Toucan Tapir
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Tropical Dry Forest – deciduous trees; generally warm, alternating dry and wet seasons; rich soil Toucan Elephants Spot billed pelican Monitor lizard Bromeliads Tiger
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Tropical Savanna – cover grasses and shrubs that are fire-resistant; warm temps; seasonal rainfall Giraffe Storks Aardvark Hyena Lion
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Desert – less than 25 cm per year; hot & cold temps; mineral-rich soil
Kangaroo rat – less than 25 cm per year; hot & cold temps; mineral-rich soil Roadrunner Mule deer Mountain lion Desert big horned sheep Golden eagle Creosote bush
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Temperate Grassland Pronghorn antelope – warm to hot summer, cold winter; moderate precipitation; fertile soil Polecat Coyotes Black-tailed prairie dog Bison sunflowers Blazing stars Badgers
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Temperate Woodland and Shrubland
Squirrel – hot, dry summers; cool, moist winter, nutrient-poor soil, periodic fires Fox Black-tailed deer California quail Warbler
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Temperate Forest Raccoon – mix of coniferous and deciduous trees; cold winters, warm summers; year-long precipitation; fertile soil Skunk Turkey Bobcat Black bear
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Northwestern Coniferous Forest
Douglas Fir beaver – abundant precipitation; coniferous trees; mild temperatures Elk Redwoods Barred owl
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Boreal Forest – also known as taiga; long, cold winters; high humidity
Spruce Boreal Forest Snowshoe hare – also known as taiga; long, cold winters; high humidity Moose Timber wolves Lynx
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Tundra – permafrost is the layer of permanently frozen subsoil, strong winds; long, cold winters and short, soggy summers Artic willow Snowy owl Artic fox Bearberry Caribou Polar bear
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Biomes Movie Part 1
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Biomes Movie Part 2
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