Ch. 4 The Role of Climate 4-1 Biology.

Ch. 4 The Role of Climate 4-1 Biology

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
What Is Climate? Weather is the day-to-day condition of Earth's atmosphere at a particular time and place. Climate refers to the average year-after-year conditions of temperature and precipitation in a particular region. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

What Is Climate? Climate is caused by: trapping of heat by the atmosphere latitude transport of heat by winds and ocean currents amount of precipitation shape and elevation of landmasses Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

The Greenhouse Effect Atmospheric gases that trap the heat energy of sunlight and maintain Earth's temperature range include: carbon dioxide methane water vapor Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

The Greenhouse Effect The natural situation in which heat is retained in Earth’s atmosphere by this layer of gases is called the greenhouse effect. Carbon dioxide, water vapor, and several other gases in the atmosphere allow solar radiation to enter the biosphere but slow down the loss of heat to space. These greenhouse gases cause the greenhouse effect, which helps maintain Earth’s temperature range. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

The Effect of Latitude on Climate
Solar radiation strikes different parts of Earth’s surface at an angle that varies throughout the year. At the equator, energy from the sun strikes Earth almost directly. At the North and South Poles, the sun’s rays strike Earth’s surface at a lower angle. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

As a result of differences in latitude and thus the angle of heating, Earth has three main climate zones: 1 2 3 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

The polar zones are cold areas where the sun's rays strike Earth at a very low angle. Located in the areas around the North and South poles, between 66.5° and 90° North and South latitudes. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

The temperate zones sit between the polar zones and the tropics. They are more affected by the changing angle of the sun over the course of a year. The climate in these zones ranges from hot to cold, depending on the season. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

The tropical zone, or tropics, is near the equator, between 23.5° North and 23.5° South latitudes. The tropics receive direct or nearly direct sunlight year-round, making the climate almost always warm. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Heat Transport in the Biosphere
Unequal heating of Earth’s surface drives winds and ocean currents, which transport heat throughout the biosphere. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Warm air over the equator rises, while cooler air over the poles sinks toward the ground. The upward and downward movement of air creates air currents, or winds, that move heat throughout the atmosphere. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Similar patterns of heating and cooling occur in Earth’s oceans. Cold water near the poles sinks, then flows parallel to the ocean bottom, and rises in warmer regions. Water is also moved at the surface by winds. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

The movement of the water creates ocean currents, which transport heat energy throughout the biosphere. Surface ocean currents warm or cool the air above them, affecting the weather and climate of nearby landmasses. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

The Earth’s polar zones are cold because they are never heated by the sun. at the poles, the sun's rays are at a very low angle. the greenhouse effect does not occur at the poles. heat is transported from the poles to the equator. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

The upward movement of warm air and the downward movement of cool air creates upwellings. air currents. ocean currents. the greenhouse effect. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Earth's temperature range is maintained by the greenhouse effect. climate zones. ocean currents and winds. latitude differences. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Variation of temperature in the temperate zone is due primarily to air and ocean currents. the greenhouse effect. variation in the sun’s energy production. latitude and season. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

The tropical zone is warm all year long because the sun’s angle changes the most in that part of Earth. ocean water is warmest near the equator. it receives direct or nearly direct sunlight year-round. landmasses in the tropic latitudes hold on to heat. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

END OF SECTION

What Shapes an Ecosystem?
4-2 Biology Photo Credit: ©Michael Fogden/DRK PHOTO Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Ecosystems are influenced by a combination of biological and physical factors. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

The biological influences on organisms within an ecosystem are called biotic factors. Biotic factors include all the living things with which an organism might interact. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Physical, or nonliving, factors that shape ecosystems are called abiotic factors. Abiotic factors include: temperature precipitation humidity wind nutrient availability soil type sunlight Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Biotic and abiotic factors determine the survival and growth of an organism and the productivity of the ecosystem in which the organism lives. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

The area where an organism lives is called its habitat. A habitat includes both biotic and abiotic factors. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Which animals would live in this habitat?

The Niche A niche is the full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

The Niche The range of temperatures that an organism needs to survive and its place in the food web are part of its niche. The combination of biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem often determines the number of different niches in that ecosystem. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

The Niche No two species can share the same niche in the same habitat. Different species can occupy niches that are very similar. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Community Interactions
When organisms live together in ecological communities, they interact constantly. Community interactions, such as competition, predation, and various forms of symbiosis, can affect an ecosystem. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Competition Competition occurs when organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource in the same place at the same time. A resource is any necessity of life, such as water, nutrients, light, food, space, or mates. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Direct competition in nature often results in a winner and a loser—with the losing organism failing to survive. The competitive exclusion principle states that no two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Competitive Exclusion Principle

Some competition leads to resource partitioning. The distribution of these warblers avoids direct competition, because each species feeds in a different part of the tree. Each of these warbler species has a different niche in its spruce tree habitat. By feeding in different areas of the tree, the birds avoid competing with one another for food. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Predation An interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism is called predation. The organism that does the killing and eating is called the predator, and the food organism is the prey. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Symbiosis Any relationship in which two species live closely together is called symbiosis. Symbiotic relationships include: mutualism commensalism parasitism Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Mutualism: both species benefit from the relationship. Example: Anemones provide the Clown Fish with protection from predators whilst Clown fish defend the Anemones from Butterfly fish who like to eat Anemones Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Commensalism: one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed. Example: Remora fish use stickers on their heads to attach to shark underbelly. Benefits by getting food scraps. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Parasitism: one organism lives on or inside another organism and harms it. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Ecological Succession
Ecosystems are constantly changing in response to natural and human disturbances. As an ecosystem changes, older inhabitants gradually die out and new organisms move in, causing further changes in the community. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

This series of predictable changes that occurs in a community over time is called ecological succession. An ecosystem changes in response to an abrupt disturbance. Or change occurs as a more gradual response to natural fluctuations in the environment. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Primary Succession On land, succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists is called primary succession. For example, primary succession occurs on rock surfaces formed after volcanoes erupt. The first species to populate the area are called pioneer species. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

In this example, a volcanic eruption has destroyed the previous ecosystem. Primary succession occurs on newly exposed surfaces, such as this newly deposited volcanic rock and ash. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

The first organisms to appear are lichens. Primary succession occurs on newly exposed surfaces, such as this newly deposited volcanic rock and ash. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Mosses soon appear, and grasses take root in the thin layer of soil. Primary succession occurs on newly exposed surfaces, such as this newly deposited volcanic rock and ash. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Eventually, tree seedlings and shrubs sprout among the plant community. Primary succession occurs on newly exposed surfaces, such as this newly deposited volcanic rock and ash. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Secondary Succession Components of an ecosystem can be changed by natural events, such as fires. When the disturbance is over, community interactions tend to restore the ecosystem to its original condition through secondary succession. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Healthy ecosystems usually recover from natural disturbances, but may not recover from long-term, human-caused disturbances. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Mt. St. Helen 1980 Eruption MSH80_st_helens_spirit_lake_before_may_18_1980.jpg

Mt. St. Helen Secondary Succession
Red alder disperses easily and is capable of rapid growth on the nutrient-poor, volcanic deposits. A red-legged frog –one of the creatures living in one of the dozens of ponds created after the eruption. 70 species of birds, including hummingbirds, western meadowlarks and Savannah sparrows

Which of the following is a biotic factor in a bullfrog's niche? water a heron climate day length Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

An organism’s niche is different from its habitat because The niche does not include the place where the organism lives. the niche includes all the conditions under which the organism lives. the niche includes only abiotic factors. the niche includes only biotic factors. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

The attempt by organisms of the same or different species to use a resource at the same time in the same place is called competition. predation. symbiosis. cooperation. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

An association between two species in which one species benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed is called symbiosis. mutualism. commensalism. parasitism. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

When a volcano erupts and completely destroys an ecosystem, the first species to populate the area are usually grasses and shrubs. pioneers such as lichens. small plants such as mosses. small animals such as rodents. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

END OF SECTION

Ch. 4 The Role of Climate 4-1 Biology.

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