1. 1 electrowetting-driven digital microfluidic devices Frieder Mugele University of Twente Physics of Complex Fluids Fahong Li, Adrian Staicu, Florent Malloggi, Rina Bakker, Jean-Christophe Baret

2. EW for droplet-based digital microfluidics detachment / drop generation droplet motion drop merging mixing surface contamination

3. outline wetting & electrowetting – some basics principles of drop actuation basics of EW-modeling application-related fundamental issues  mixing in microfluidics  surface protection conclusions & wish list

4. I: wetting & liquid microdroplets 50 µm H. Gau et al. Science 1999 capillary equation Young equation

5. electrowetting: the switch on the wettability conductive liquid insulator counter electrode UU advancing receding high voltage: contact angle saturation low voltage: parabolic behavior electrowetting equation: 

6. II: origin of electrowetting U  sl eff + + + + + + +++ Maxwell stress: modified capillary equation modified Young equation

7. principles of drop actuation ~ U driving force: how to make water run uphill with EW?

8. matrix chip 1mm ITO glass operating voltage: 70V @ 10kHz insulator: teflon AF matrix chip (10x10 electrode lines)

9. characteristics drop volumes: 1nL … 1µL possilbe fluids: broad spectrum (  table)

10. suitable liquids for EW D. Chatterjee et al., Lab on a Chip 2006

11. characteristics drop volumes: 1nL … 1µL actuation voltage: few tens of volts possilbe fluids: broad spectrum (  table) drop speed & switching speed: O(cm/s) & tens of Hz substrate materials: any insulator + hydrophobic top coating (typically: Teflon AF)

12. f AC =10 kHz f osc =17 Hz glycerol + NaCl solution in silicone oil III: modelling EW-driven flow 500 µm

13. numerical calculations: volume of fluid f exp = 24 Hzf num = 34 Hz µ=80mPa s volume of fluid calculationsexperiment principle: contact angle variation + hydrodynamic response attached state:  = 65° detached state:  = 155° caveat: contact line dynamics !

14. IV a: EW-driven mixing in oscillating droplets 500 µm salt water; f osc = 80 Hz; f AC = 10 kHz PIV measurements (J. Westerweel & Ralph Lindken TU Delft) flow visualization  drop oscillations speed up mixing 100 times

15. IV b: surface protection & oil entrapment V ≈ cm/s time voltage  µm thick oil layers are entrapped under moving drops  entrapped film undergo instability and break-up into droplets

16. conclusions electrowetting is driven by the gain in electrostatic energy upon reducing the contact angle and/or moving the drop dynamics: local contact angle variation + hydrodynamic response EW is very reliable, reproducible, and broadly applicable physical principles of EW are well understood F. Mugele and J.-C. Baret Electrowetting: from basics to applications J. Phys. Condens. Matt. 17, R705-R774 (2005) EW review article

17. issues to be fixed droplet properties  desired drop volumes (  electrode size)?  liquid properties (conductivity, chemical composition, surfactants) device characteristics  surface material requirements (Teflon AF)  AC – DC voltage  ambient medium: oil vs. air?  surface cleanliness / washing steps reaction protocols  volume vs. surface-bound reactions  T-steps detection techniques  optical measurements  integration of eletrical sensors (e.g. for conductivity)

19. drop splitting CJ Kim et al.; UCLA numerical simulations using diffuse interface model (Cahn-Hilliard equation)