1.  For once you have tasted flight, You will walk the earth with your eyes turned skyward;  For there you have been,  And there you long to return.

2. Fall Quarter 2012 Mr. Joseph MacDougall, Instructor

3.  Diploma in Aviation Mount Royal University  Bachelor of Science in Aeronautics UND  www.avcanada.ca www.avcanada.ca  Weather Modification  BBCC since 2000

6.  REVIEW / ANY QUESTIONS?  AOPA interactive courses  http://www.aopa.org/asf/online_ courses/ http://www.aopa.org/asf/online_ courses/  FAA Safety Team courses  http://www.faasafety.gov/gslac/ ALC/course_catalog.aspx http://www.faasafety.gov/gslac/ ALC/course_catalog.aspx

7.  Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge  Private Pilot Manual (Jeppesen Sanderson Training Products)  Flight computer E6B,  Plotter and  Chart (Seattle Sectional)

8.  Beech Sport B-19 PILOT INFO MANUAL  Private Pilot Test Prep Study and Prepare FAA Knowledge Exam book (ASA)  GLEIM Private Pilot (may also be used)  Airplane Flying Handbook  ASA Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms  Current Airport Facility Directory  FAR/AIM 2012  Private Pilot PTS  Aircraft Weight & Balance Handbook  Private Oral Exam Guide  Calculator

9.  1. Airplane Structure  2. Primary flight controls and trim  3. Flaps, leading edge devices, and spoilers  4. Landing gear  5. Fuel oil and hydraulic  6. Electrical  7. Environmental  8. Deicing and anti-icing  9. Vacuum System

10.  JEPPESON PRIVATE PILOT MANUAL  CHAPTER #1 SECTION A&B  CHAPTER #2 SECTION A  CHAPTER #2 2-24 TO 2-31  CHAPTER #2 2-40 TO 2-42  Chapter #2 2-63 to 2-68  Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge  PHAK CHAPTER 1  PHAK Chapter 2 (2-1 through 2-11)  PHAK Chapter 5  PHAK Chapter 6-25 through 6-39

11.  AOPA INTERACTIVE COURSE  Create a free account by visiting  https://www.aopa.org/asf/osc/register.cfm?course=p neumatic_systems https://www.aopa.org/asf/osc/register.cfm?course=p neumatic_systems  PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS  http://flash.aopa.org/asf/pneumatic_systems/swf/fla sh.cfm http://flash.aopa.org/asf/pneumatic_systems/swf/fla sh.cfm  ASA 1-20 & Chapter 2  Gleim chapter 1 1.1  Gleim chapter 2 2.8

13.  Be able to label on Wednesday figure 2-1 in chapter 2 Jeppeson book or Chapter 2 page 1 PHAK.

16.  An aircraft moves in three dimensions and is controlled by moving it about one or more of its axes which all pass through the C of G or the Center of Gravity

18.  One of the most significant components of aircraft design is CG. It is the specific point where the mass or weight of an aircraft may be said to center; that is, a point around which, if the aircraft could be suspended or balanced, the aircraft would remain relatively level.  The position of the CG of an aircraft determines the stability of the aircraft in flight.  Move the CG rearward the aircraft becomes more and more dynamically unstable.

20.  Fuselage is the central body of an airplane and is designed to accommodate the crew, passengers, and cargo. It also provides the structural connection for the wings and tail assembly  4 types:  Truss type  Monocoque (French for single shell)  Semi-Monocoque  Composite

21.  Usually constructed of steel tubing welded together in such a manner that all members of the truss can carry both tension and compression loads.

23.  Relies on the strength of the skin or covering to carry the primary stresses.  Good example is a soda can.

24.  Additional strength is provided in a semi-monocoque structure by a sub- structure that reinforces the skin

26.  Generally lighter than metal, wood or fabric  Very smooth which helps reduce drag  Lack of Corrosion which allows for higher pressure differential and higher humidity in the cabin than previous airliners  Don’t suffer from metal fatigue or crack growth

27.  Visual proof of damage  Potential to heat damage to the resin. Many epoxies begin to weaken over 150 degrees F.  Chemical paint strippers are very harmful to composites  Lightning  Composite/fiberglass is an excellent insulator. Need to add additional electrical conductivity to the skin such as aluminum or copper mesh

28.  The wings are airfoils attached to each side of the fuselage and are the main lifting surfaces that support the airplane in flight

29.  Most wings today are monoplanes (one pair of wings) two wings are called biplanes, three triplanes.  The most common used wing construction consists of airfoil-shaped ribs attached to spars.

30.  Low wing  High Wing  Gull Wing  Dihedral (B-19)  Mid wing  Inverted gull

31.  Cantilever, (no external bracing) Like Beechcraft  Semi-Cantilever (use external bracing such as struts and wires), Like Cessna

34.  The ribs and spares are then covered by a thin skin which forms the outer surface.  Metal, fabric or plywood are the common wing coverings

36.  On the trailing (rearmost) edge of the wing are two sets of moveable surfaces. Farthest from the center of the airplane you find the ailerons inboard you find the flaps

37.  Ailerons, controls bank about the longitudinal axis. Conventional cable system terminating in bellcranks.

38.  B-19 has Frise- Differential-type ailerons.  Differential aileron raises one aileron a greater distance than the other aileron is lowered. Both reduce adverse yaw.  Turning to the right which aileron goes up?

39.  High lift/drag devices which, in effect, increase the camber of the wing and in some cases, as with Fowler flaps increase the wing area.  Gives better T.O. performance and permits steeper approach angles and lower approach speeds.  B-19 has four position slotted flaps 0, 15, 25 and 35 degrees.

40.  Main function of the flaps increase the angle of descent without increasing the airspeed.

43.  Vertical/Horizontal stabilizer (stabilator) and rudder  ruddervator/V-tail

45.  Two surfaces the Horizontal Surface  Vertical Surface

46.  Rudder (controls yaw, movement of airplane around the vertical axis)  Rudder peddles control the rudder and brakes.

47.  Elevator and stabilator  controls pitch about the lateral axis

49.  V-Tail  Dihedral  Mounted on twin booms

50.  Used for trimming and balancing the airplane in flight and to reduce the force required of the pilot in actuating the primary flight controls.

52.  Moves in the same direction as the trailing edge of the stabilator and helps make the stabilator less sensitive. The antiservo tab also functions as a trim tab to relieve control pressure.  B19 has a stabilator

53.  Purpose is to take the shock of landing and support the weight of the aircraft on the ground while still allowing the aircraft to maneuver on the ground  Two types Fixed gear or Retractable.  Also tricycle (has a nose wheel) or conventional or tailwheel

54.  Conventional gear (tailwheel) Requires an endorsement  Tailwheel disadvantages  More difficult to T.O. and land  Lack of good forward visibility  Directional control on the ground is more difficult  Tailwheel advantages  More clearance for a larger prop  More desirable for operations on unimproved strip  Tricycle gear advantages  Better forward visibility during T.O., landing or taxi  Better braking without nosing over  Better control ie no ground loop

55.  Tripod Landing Gear  Single Leaf Cantilever  Split Axle  Single Strut Gear B-19

56.  Fixed tricycle gear, fabricated from magnesium castings and aluminum forgings, uses rubber disks for shock absorption.  Nose wheel steerable through a spring loaded linkage connected to the rudder pedals.  Max travel of 40 degrees +/-2 degrees

57.  Low Pressure Tires  Oleo  Rubber discs or doughnuts B-19  Steel Spring

58.  Hydraulically operated disk brakes  toe brakes, parking brake  Brake Fluid is Red

59.  DON’T FORGET TO READ THE HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT given at the beginning of class BEFORE Wednesday!!!!!!!  You can take a break

60.  In a carburetor system, outside air flows into the carburetor and through a venturi. When air flows rapidly through the venturi, a low pressure area is created. This low pressure allows the fuel to flow through the main fuel jet and into the airstream where it mixes with the flowing air

62.  Gravity-feed system  Uses force of gravity to transfer fuel from the tanks to the engine.  Common on high wing

68.  Normally found in the wings of small aircraft. Three common types  Hard cell (welded or riveted)  Bladder  Integral fuel tank (Seal off a portion of the wing for a fuel tank)

69.  59.8 gal, 7.6 unusable (52 usable) 2,4,5,59  2.6 unusable (57.2 usable) rest of the C-23’s and B-19’s  AIRCRAFT INFO HANDOUT

70.  Mixture control prevent mixture from becoming too rich at high altitudes  conserve fuel  provide optimum power

71.  The mixture ratio of fifteen pounds of air to one pound of gasoline is known as a stoichiometric mixture, which is a chemically correct mixture in which all of the chemical elements are used and none are left over.

72.  With as rich as 8:1  Or as lean as 18:1  But the maximum amount of heat energy is released with the stoichiometric mixture of 15:1 or 0.067

73.  Fuel injected into the intake valve  More even fuel distribution to the cylinders  No chance of carburetor ice (sometimes intake ice)  Usually more horsepower (better efficiency)

74.  80/87 (.5 ml of lead)  100/130 (4 ml of lead)  100LL (2 ml of lead)  115/145 (better anti- detonation large high powered engines)  Jet A  Red  Green  Blue  Purple  Clear or Straw colored

75.  next Higher grade  Using a fuel grade lower than specified can cause cylinder head and engine temperature to exceed normal operating limits  Detonation & preignition pg 2- 25,2-26  Fuel weights approx. 6lbs per gal  Water 1 Gallon [US] = 8.345 lbs

78.  Includes everything that operates electrically with the exception of the magnetos which are driven by the engine for the sole purpose of producing current to the spark plugs.

81.  Starter  Flaps  Gear  Radios  Lights  Windshield wipers  Heater  Fan  Anti-Icing  De-Icing equipment  Etc.

82.  Battery 12 or 24 V  Master Switch and Battery Solenoid  Starter Motor and solenoid  Generator or Alternator 14V 60 Amp  Voltage Regulator  Buss bar  Circuit breakers  fuses  overvoltage relay

83.  Electrical system is usually 12 or 24 V DC (direct current)  Pg 2-41  PHAK 6-29

84.  The purpose is to turn the engine over so that it will continue to operate.  The starter switch activates the starter solenoid which, in turn, permits current to enter and drive the starter motor (provided you have battery power)

85.  Purpose is to supply current to the electrical system and to recharge the battery.  Alternators are typically found on low speed engines and generators in faster speed engines.

86.  Prevents the generator or alternator from over-loading the system and prevents the battery from becoming overcharged.

87.  Receives the current produced by the generator, alternator and battery. From the bus bar current passes through the various circuit breakers which are connected to the components that require electrical current to operate.

88.  Pitot heat  landing light  beacon  nav lights  cockpit lighting  boost pump  stall horn  hobbs meter  intercom  ammeter  fuel gauges  nav/comm  clock  Turn coordinator

89.  All electrical circuits are protected by circuit breakers or fuses.  Used to protect various components from damage caused by excess voltage or current, short-circuits etc.  Most are push in reset type.

90.  Keep the Avionics master off some type of radio equipment can be damaged by the voltage drop in the electrical system during starting when all power comes directly from the battery before the alternator are working to regulate voltage.

91.  Gives indication in cockpit that the electrical power source is functioning normally.  The ammeter measures in amperes the rate of flow of the electrical current being produced. It also indicates when power is being used from the battery. It registers a discharge when turned on with the engine not running.

92.  (+) should always indicate or 0. If the ammeter indicates a (-) this indicates a discharge and that electrical energy is coming from the battery rather than the generator.

93.  Magneto is an engine driven generator that produces an AC current. Its source of energy is a permanent magnet.  Dual ignition system 2 Mags  Increased safety two spark plugs per cylinder.  More complete and even combustion  Totally independent of the electrical system run off the engine.

94.  Cabin heat  Defrost  Air flow  Vents

95.  Anti-icing equipment is designed to prevent the formation of ice, while deicing equipment is designed to remove ice once it has formed.  Systems protect the leading edge of wing and tail surfaces, pitot and static port openings, fuel tank vents, stall warning devices, windshields, and propeller blades. Ice detection lighting may also be installed on some aircraft.  Most light aircraft only have a defrost and pitot heat and are not certified for icing. Check AFM/POH

98.  Attitude indicator  Heading indicator (need to reset periodically with the compass as the gyro experiences precession.  Instrument air gauge (inches of Mercury)

99.  Backup vacuum systems  Venturi type vacuum systems  Pressure systems  Aircraft instruments will be discussed in further detail in a latter lesson  Turn coordinator is electric and not a part of the vacuum system