1. The Cell and Its Environment
Chapter 4
The Cell and Its Environment
Standard 3: Students know and understand the characteristics and structure of living things, the processes of life, and how living things interact with each other and the environment.

2. Introduction to the Cell
Introduction and Evolution of the Cell (26:13)

3. Vocabulary Active transport Osmosis Cell theory Passive transport
Cell wall Phagocytosis
Diffusion Pinocytosis
Dynamic equilibrium Plasma membrane
Endocytosis Exocytosis
Facilitated diffusion Transport protein
Fluid Mosaic model Vesicle
Middle Lamella
Selectively permeable membrane

4. 4.1 Membrane Structure Key Terms: Cell Theory Plasma Membrane
Selective Permeability
Lipid Bilayer
Membrane proteins
Fluid mosaic model
Plasma Membrane animation
E-Coli

5. Kingdoms
On Earth, there are five kingdoms that include specific organisms that fit into that kingdom based on similar characteristics. What are they?

6. Kingdoms
On Earth, there are five kingdoms that include specific organisms that fit into that kingdom based on similar characteristics. They are:
Monera
Protista
Plantae
Fungi (There’s a fungus among us)
Animalia

7. Life Inside A Cell (3:10)
Animal Cell
Plant Cell

8. Cell Theory
What are the 3 components of the cell theory?

9. Cell Theory
All organisms are composed of 1 or more cells or cell fragments.
The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in organisms.
All cells are produced from other cells.
So, what are cells exactly? It’s alive!
Animal cell
(Click on the picture)

10. Scientists and Cell Theory
Who was the first scientist to see cells?
Who was the first scientist to declare that plants are made up of cells?
Who was the first scientist to declare that animals are made up of cells?

11. Scientists Behind Cell Theory
Robert Hooke: 1665
First discovery of cells
Matthias Schleiden: 1838
Concluded all plants are made of cells and cells are the basis of a plant’s function
Theodor Schwann: 1839
All animals are made of cells
Rudolf Virchow: 1858
All cells come from other cells.
Robert Hooke and friends
Click on picture (3:32)

12. Pick me! Click me!

13. Plasma Membrane
What are three properties of the plasma membrane?

14. Properties of Plasma Membrane
All cells live in a fluid environment
Each cell is a separate unit of life that receives and releases substances from their environment through the plasma membrane.
Plasma membrane is the cell’s gatekeeper.
Plasma
Membrane
(1:29)

15. Selective Permeability
What is meant by selective permeability?
What kind of substances can easily pass in and out of a cell?

16. Selective Permeability
The cell’s membrane selectively lets things in and out in order to maintain organization.
Substances that go in and out include:
Amino acids that make polypeptides.
Glucose molecules used in cellular respiration.
Oxygen in and Carbon Dioxide out.
Substances go into and
out of the
cell membrane (1:01)

17. Lipid Bilayer Describe the lipid bilayer. What is it made of?
What substances are most likely to pass through it?

18. Click on the picture (2:28)
Lipid Bilayer
Two layers of phospholipids form the plasma membrane.
Each layer has a polar head and 2 nonpolar tails.
Which layer would be more “friendly” to water molecules?
Phospholipids on the town
Click on the picture (2:28)

19. 4.2 Membrane Function Key Terms: Diffusion Active Transport Osmosis
Dynamic equilibrium
Osmosis
Hypertonic solution
Hypotonic solution
Facilitated diffusion
Transport proteins
Channel proteins
Carrier proteins
Active Transport
Pumps
Endocytosis
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Receptor-aided
Exocytosis
Cell Walls
Middle lamella

20. Diffusion vs. Osmosis What is diffusion? What is osmosis?
How are they different?
How are they similar?

21. Diffusion vs. Osmosis

22. Diffusion across a membrane (:53)
Random movement of particles is called diffusion.
Particles go from a greater concentration to a lesser concentration to create a dynamic equilibrium.
What is dynamic equilibrium? (6:07)

23. Osmosis Diffusion across a cell membrane is called osmosis.
For any cell to survive, it must be in osmotic balance with its environment.
Osmotic balance occurs when movement of water in and out of the cell is equal.

24. Isotonic, Hypotonic, Hypertonic
Using the scenario where there is a red blood cell in the following solutions:
What is isotonic?
What happens to the cell?
What is hypotonic?
What is hypertonic?

25. TONICITY Isotonic, Hypertonic and Hypotonic Solutions (3:24)

26. Quick Checkup What is the difference between diffusion and osmosis?
What is meant by selective permeability?
Explain dynamic equilibrium.
Explain what happens to a cell in a
Hypertonic solution (:35)
Hypotonic solution (:54)

27. Facilitated Diffusion
What are two types of proteins that facilitate diffusion?
Which of these uses energy?
What kind of transport is that called?
Which of these does not use energy?

28. Facilitated Diffusion
Channel Protein
Passive Transport System
Carrier Protein
Active Transport System
Carrier Protein Action
Channel Protein Action
Comparison of channel to carrier proteins

29. Active Transport
It takes ENERGY for a cell to move substances from a region of lesser concentration to a region of greater concentration.
Through active transport, cells use transport proteins called pumps.
Transport protein pump

30. Endocytosis What is endocytosis?
Name the three types of endocytosis and specifically what type of substance is transported for each one.

31. Endocytosis Not all substances enter the cell through channels.
A plasma membrane can enclose a substance, pinch it off from the rest of the membrane and deposit the material on the other side.
Endocytosis (Click here 3:55)

32. Exocytosis
What is exocytosis?
Describe how it works.

33. Exocytosis
Exocytosis gets rid of unwanted particles and also distributes substances needed elsewhere, like hormones.
The substance is enclosed in a vesicle that travels to the plasma membrane, breaks open, fuses with the membrane and expels the substance.
Endo and exocytosis review (1:23)

34. Plant Cells How are plant cells different than animal cells?
How are plant cells similar to animal cells?
What is the carbohydrate in a plant cell that provides structure to a plant?

35. Plants Have Cell Walls!!!
Unlike animal cells, plants have cell walls made of cellulose.
Cell walls are made up of dead cells that provide protection and support.
The middle lamella, made of pectin, is sandwiched between the two primary cell walls.
Cell walls (1:53)

36. Eukaryotic Plant Cells