2. Law and Catchment Management What is it?

3. The Presentation Theory of Catchment Management Integrated Water resources Management Water Management: The International Arena The trigger of the reforms in Zimbabwe Activities leading to reforms in Zimbabwe Formation of Catchment Councils

4. Theory of Catchment Management Human activities Causes of Erosion Catchment management Catchment Planning Water Management

5. The environment Atmosphere Hydrosphere Lithosphere

6. Land vegetation Fauna Human water

7. Human activities Humans are at the center of the activities Keeps animals – overgraze – trump grass and vegetation cultivate the land Puts various forms of infrastructure – roads, industries, mines, waste dumps, waste treatment, etc – which discharge toxic waste cuts down trees burns grass All this result in bare land & water degradation

8. Causes of Erosion Erosion is a result of a imbalance in the following forces – Energy forces rainfall intensity runoff volume slope steepness slope length – resistive forces soil erodibility organic matter content infiltration capacity

9. Causes of Erosion – protective forces vegetation cover population pressure conservation practice conservation education when resistive and protective forces are low compared to energy forces erosion occurs

10. What weakens protective & resistive forces Protective forces – population pressure cultivation trumping by animals – conservation practices cultivation down the slope lack of stable slopes lack of vegetation cover Resistive force – cutting down trees – overgrazing – burning of vegetation

11. Consequences of Erosion Land degradation – creation of gullies – depletion of the soil – loss of soil nutrients – loss in agricultural yields water degradation – siltation of dams – siltation of rivers – chemical water pollution

12. Catchment management Catchment Management attempts to introduce good management land & its resources practices in order to avoid land & water degradation Areas of focus are – Catchment Planning – Land Management – Forestry management – Animal management – water management

13. Catchment Management Main Beneficiaries of catchment management – Soil conservation – water resources conservation the following are areas covered – land management cultivation along the slope contour ridging stabilization of slopes deforestation gradients and stabilization of roads streambank cultivation

14. Catchment Management – forestry management protection against fires afforestation avoiding indiscriminate cutting of trees avoiding overstocking – animal management no overstocking no overgrazing grazing land (paddocks) – water management

15. Catchment Planning Land use planning land development & management planning Forestry deve. & management planning Animal dev. & management planning water dev. & management planning

16. Effect of poor Catchment management on water Less groundwater recharge decline of fish habitats (pools) less water is available – in dams – as ground water – as baseflow the incidence of flooding is increased moisture recycling is reduced Chemical and biological pollution increases

17. Water Management Water Management (WM) is a subset of Catchment Management (CM) and is the subject of our discussion The benefits of CM accrue to water conservation and WM WM involves dealing with some of the following : – Socio-economic issues – Institutional Set up – legal processes – technical issues

18. Socio-economic issues Some of the socio-economic issues dealt with are as follows Water is important for life – Equal access – Stakeholder participation – equitable allocation – water for basic needs – affordability subsidies

19. Socio-economic issues water as an economic issue – water for productive purposes cost recovery water use efficiency Competing demands ( Allocation) demand management Sustainability of water resources polluter pays the user pays

20. Institutions Set up Hierarchical (Regional) set up – national – 1st tier (basin) – 2nd tier (catchment) – 3rd tier (sub-catchment) – 4th tier (water user)

21. Institutions Set up (cont.) Responsibilities – policy – judiciary – regulatory – implementation – monitoring water use the main issues here are : – water should be managed at the lowest appropriate level – Management should be streamlined as given above

22. legal processes Institutions – what is institutional set up? – what are the functions ? – and what are the powers? – what procedure do they follow? Allocation – who is eligible to apply? – Who allocates water? – what is the procedure? – under what conditions?

23. legal processes (cont.) Shortages – who has priority over who? – what are the procedures of informing users of the situation? – how to deal with shortage? – legal obligation of users? Dispute resolution – who deals with disputes? – what is the procedure? – where does one appeal if not satisfied by a decision

24. Technical issues Surface & Groundwater – hydrological monitoring quantity – scarcity (drought) – abundance (flooding) quality utilization – allocation systems – assessment methods – water balance monitor Allocate Water balance Asses s

25. Technical cont. Water Development – flood control – supply and demand Water supply irrigation energy – demand management – conjunctive use – environmental impact assessments

26. Water Management The International Arena

27. International events Global consultation on safe water & san. (New Delhi 2000) Intertn. Conference on water & environment (Dublin 1992) UN Conference on Envir. And Dev. (Rio 1992) Rio +5 2nd World Water Forum & ministerial conf. (Hague 2000) Water for 21St Century: vision to action (Southern Africa 2000)

28. International events Millenium Development goals 2000 International conference on freshwater (Bonn 2001) Ministerial Conference on water (AMCOW Abuja 2002) Water and sustainable development (Accra 2002) World Summit on Sustainable Development (Joburg 2002) 3rd World Water Forum (Kyoto 2003)

29. Global cons. On safe water & san. (New Delhi 2000) Provide Access to water in sufficient quantities and sanitation for all Principles – protection of environment from solid and liquid waste – institutional reforms to promote integrated approach – community management of services – sound financial practices

30. Intertn. Conference on water & environment (Dublin 1992) Dublin Principles – fresh water is vulnerable and essential for life and the environment – water development and management to be participator (users planners, policy makers) – woman a central to provision, management and safeguarding water – recognize that water has an economic value in all competing uses and is an economic good

31. UN Conference on Envir. And Dev. (Rio 1992) Dublin principle also echoed at the Earth Summit in Rio (also emphasized social good) Principle were a basis for programme of action in 7 areas – integrated water resources development and management – water resources assessment

32. The 7 areas continue – protection of water resources(including water quality) – drinking water supply and sanitation – water and sustainable urban development – water for sustainable food production and rural development – the impact of climate change on water resources

33. Rio +5 Revision of the Earth Summit emphasizing on – strengthening of regional and international cooperation in technology transfer and and financing of IWRM programmes – sustainable development of international water courses taking into account interests of watercourse states

34. Rio + 5 (continue) – need for international community to support developing countries in IWRM – strengthen Gvt and international institutions to collect and manage information the importance of cost recovery – need for water conservation

35. 2nd World Water Forum & ministerial conf. (Hague 2000) World Water vision was presented with the following objectives empower people to decide on how to use water to get more crops and jobs per drop to manage the use so as to conserve freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems

36. Five critical action to achieve the objectives Involve all stakeholders in integrated management move to full cost recovery (pricing) increase public finding for research cooperate on managing international basins massive increase in investment in water

37. Water for 21St Century: vision to action (Southern Africa 2000) – Equitable social and economic development – equitable access to water of acceptable quality and quantity – proper sanitation and safe disposal of waste – food security for all households – energy security for all households – sustainable environment – security from natural disasters – integrated water resources development and management

38. International conference on freshwater (Bonn 2001) Themes of the Ministerial declaration – governance- primary responsibility rests with GVT – funding gap-making more efficient use of existing source & raising finding from all source (public, private, community international) – role of international community-official development assistance to reach 0.7% of GDP – capacity building and technology transfer- – gender-strengthen role of women and participation

39. Millenium Development goals 2000 Millenium development goals include reduce by half the proportion of people without access to safe drinking water by 2015 reduce by half the number of people living on less than a dollar a day by 2015 improve lives of at least 100 million people living in slums by 2020

40. Ministerial Conference on water (AMCOW Abuja 2002) AMCOW to support measures which – encourage stronger and better performing institutions in the sector – strengthen monitoring and assessment of available water resources – ensure sustainable water and sanitation infrastructure and services delivery – promote policies for appropriate allocation of water for domestic use, food security and competing demands

41. Water and sustainable development (Accra 2002) Water can be used to eradicate poverty, reduce water related diseases & achieve sustainable development, through – improved access to portable water and sanitation – water use for food security and income generation – IWRM in national and shared basins – water related disaster prevention, mitigation and management – empowerment and capacity building to improve equity and gender sensitivity – Pro-poor water governance & policies and protection of environment

42. World Summit on Sustainable Development (Joburg 2002) Affirmed the millenium development goals and agreed to half the proportion of people without basic sanitation by 2015, through – development and implementation of efficient household sanitation systems – improved sanitation in public institutions e.g. schools – promotion of safe hygiene practices – promotion of outreach on children as agents of change

43. continue – Promotion of affordable socially and culturally acceptable technologies and practices – development of innovative financing and partnerships mechanism – integration of sanitation into water resources management strategies

44. continue Plan of implementation develop IWRM and water use plans by 2005 – a) develop and implement i) national/regional strategies, plans & programmes with regards to ii) integrated river basins, water shed and aquifers iii) put measures to reduce loses & increase recycling of water - balance with requirements for restoring or conserving environment in fragile environment

45. continue – b) employ the full range of policy instruments including regulation, monitoring, voluntary measures market and information tools land use management and cost recovery tools (without cost recovery being a barrier to safe water by poor people) adoption of river basin approach – c) improve efficient use of water resources - promote allocation among competing uses giving priority to basic human need

46. continue – d) develop programmes to mitigate extremes events – e)support the diffusion of technology and capacity building – f) facilitate establishment of public private and other forms of partnerships give priority to needs of poor provide transparent national regulatory framework improve accountability of public and private institutions

47. 3rd World Water Forum (Kyoto 2003) Declaration noted that – Water is a driving force for sust. Deve. and eradication of poverty &hunger prioritizing water issues is an urgent global requirement primary responsibility lies with each country international community plus international and regional organizations should support this

48. Cont. in managing water, good governance should be ensured focusing of household and neighbourhood community base approaches by addressing equity in sharing benefits with due regard to poor and gender perspective in water policies participation of all stakeholders, transparency and accountability should be promoted in all actions

49. Cont. With regard to capacity building,commitment should include to fortify capacity of people and institutions with assistance from intern. Community ability to measure and monitor performance to share innovative approaches, best practices, information knowledge and experience relevant to local conditions

50. Cont. Ministers declared that addressing the financial needs is a task for all they should create an environment to facilitate investment they call for prioritization of water issues and reflect the in national development plans explore financing arrangements including including private sector participation they will identify and develop new mechanisms of public- private partnerships

51. Summary of the International agenda Principles New Delhi- “some for all” instead of “all for some” Dublin- economic good, gender, participation IWM Rio- added social good, affirmed IWRM Rio + 5- called for cooperation on international rivers, technology transfer, cost recovery WW Vision- cost recovery, increase in investment, role of private sector, targeted subsidies

52. continue SA Vision-right to basic services, promote polluter pay but soft on cost recovery Bonn declaration- important role of governance, capacity building, Gvt to promote IWRM NEPAD- increased private sector involvement MD goals-reduce poverty and improve conditions in urban sums, reduce people without water supply by half WSSD-added reduce people without sanitation by half by 2015

53. SADC Regional Strategic Action Plan (RSAP) projects – legislation, policy and strategic planning – capacity building and training – awareness,consultation & participation – information : collection, analysis, management, dissemination. Transboundary river management, Planning, coordination – infrastructure investment – stand alone special priority areas

54. Law and Catchment Management Integrated Water Resources Management

55. Water resources Management A set of – technical practices – Institutional framework – legal framework – managerial skills – operational activities

56. Water resources Management (cont.) Required for: – Planning – development – operation and – Management of management of water resources

57. Integrated Water Resources Management This implies integration of – different physical aspects of water – different interests of water users – different interests of economic sectors – spatial variability – institutional & legal framework – national objectives

58. Def. Integrated water resources Management (GWP 2000) A process to promote – coordinated Development – and management of land, water & related resources in order to maximize – economic – Social welfare without compromising – sustainability of the ecosystems

59. Case study: Water Reforms In Zimbabwe The trigger of the reforms

60. The drought of 1991/92 Increased conflict Delays in conflict resolution Delays in processing water rights degradation of water due to pollution recognition of groundwater as a public resource The need to protect people in urban area vs agricultural activities

61. The drought of 1991/92 Problem – fish and animal death – water shortages in most urban centers – conflict between farmers and urban – conflict among farmers

62. The drought of 1991/92 Measures – Water rationing – water shortage area declared – Groundwater shortage areas declared – Water redistribution – emergency schemes started – deepening of borehole in rural areas

63. Major areas heavily affected Harare Bulawayo Mutare Chegutu Mupfure Catchment

64. Harare Concentrations of pollution in Chivero were greatly increased fish died in the lake The hyacinth weed went wild in the lake It was realized that pollution of river degraded the resource

65. Bulawayo There was a serious water shortage Are was declared a groundwater control area severe water rationing introduced boreholes were drilled in the City water supply was erratic Nyamadhlovu project was started

66. Mutare There was a serious water shortage Area was declared a groundwater control area severe water rationing introduced boreholes were drilled in the City water supply was erratic Odzi project was started (but not finished up to now)

67. Chegutu There was a serious water shortage Area was declared a groundwater control area severe water rationing introduced boreholes were drilled in the City water supply was erratic Manyame-Chegutu canal project was started (but not finished)

68. Mupfure catchment Conflict between Chegutu and farmers peaked Mupfure catchment was declared a water shortage area committee was set up to produce a status report it was realized that the process was lengthy

69. Increased conflict Conflict among users increased tremendously the administrative court was flooded with court cases reports of illegal water abstraction increased

70. Delays in conflict resolution Conflict resolution mechanisms took a long time to be dealt with many cases were concluded after the period of drought the water shortage declaration in Mupfure was only realized after the drought period plans to alleviate drought should form an integral part of the long term plan of a city by involving the local authorities

71. Delays in processing water rights The years flowing the drought saw a marked increase in water right applications The administrative court failed to clear the back log in applications and many smaller ones

72. Lessons learnt Groundwater was a valuable resources for combating drought the existing conflict resolution institution could not cope with water cases the declaration of water shortage areas was cumbersome primary uses in urban areas were not protected against other uses It was realized that pollution of river degraded the water resource many illegal structures were being erected e.g. Masembura dam, Arcadia dam (in Mazoe)

73. Water Reforms In Zimbabwe Activities leading to the reforms

74. Activities leading to the Water Reforms The Halcrow Report 1993/4 White Paper to Cabinet 1994 the WRMs 1996-2001 the GTZ initiatives- Mazoe pilot project 1996 the Dutch initiatives -Mupfure pilot project 1998 The Water Act 1998 The ZINWA Act 1998 Groundwater Guidelines & regulations 2000 Water Pollution Control Guidelines & regulation 2000 Water allocation Guidelines and regulations 2000 Catchment and Sub-catchment Councils regulations 2000

75. The Halcrow Report 1993 Guidelines for the Development of a Water Resources Management Strategy

76. The need for a WRMS Reinforced by the occurrence of the drought of 91/92 Attribute of of the WRMS – Sound basis for Equitable &sustanable allocation of water Cpmprehensive Water resources planning and management Pricing and subsidy structure Guidelines for dev. And action plans Investiment scheduling Clear assignment of responsibilities Improved horizontal and vertical communication Well defined objectives for capacity building

77. Form of strategy Strategy was to define methods for water resources management in a sustainable manner consistent with national policies Strategy was to be developed by the gvt agencies with stakeholder participation Sttrategy was to provide framework for drawing up compatible and inegrated action plans

78. Essential components of the strategy Planning and management requirements – Quantification of the water resource – Understanding relation between people, water and land – Quantification of current and forecast demand – Basis for equitable allocation nationally and internationally – Sound methodmethods for investiment priorities

79. Essential components Guidelines for – Resource management – Demand managemend and efficient use of water – Maintenance of appropriate water quality standards – Planned response to water scarcity

80. Essential components Establishment of an enabling environment – Definition of institutional forms and responsiblities – The identification of necessary capacity building – Identification of requirements for legislation The establishment of steering groups, committee and subcommittees Strengthening of the planning branch – Hydrology – planning

81. Key activities Coordination and management of dev. and implem. Of WRMS Exploration of key issues, policy options and establish policy Devise and implement natonal guidelines,resource assessment methods and framework for water resource allocation and management Strengthen technical and management capacity of participating organisation Implement institutional and legal activities required to enable the above

82. White Paper to Cabinet 1994 Adoption of IWRM principles Holistic approach (integration) management at catchment level Environmental sustainability Cost recovery Demand management Stakeholder participation Gender consideration

83. WRMS 1996 - 2001 In 1995 the water resources management project document was developed with the support of 4 donors The project document proposed – The institutional setup for development and management of the strategy – Institutional strengthening – The capacity building elements of the project – The external technical support that was required – And the costing of the project In 1996 the WRMS project was adopted and the staffing and equipment were gradually brought into the project

84. The institutional setup The Ministry of Lands and Water Resources was the lead government agency A steering committee comprising of major stakeholders that deal with water was overseeing the development of the strategy A technical secretariat did the day to day activities of the WRMS formulation, comprised of – Coordinator – WRM strategist – Economist – Enviromentalist – Publicity officer – Project secretary – Driver/ messenger

85. Strengthening of technical capacity This was targeted at the water resources planning aspects i.e. – The hydrology Water resources assesment – Surface water – Groundwater – Water quality Geographic information syatems – The water planning Land use planning Water resources planning Economic planning

86. Strengthening of technical capacity The following professional were recuited – External based in the Groundwater branch Hydrologist Systems analyst – External based in the groundwater branch Hydrogeologist – Internal based in the planning branch Catchment planner Development economist – Internal based in agritex Landuse planner

87. The capacity building This was in the form of – Training A broad range of proffessionals were to be trained in MSc degrees Others were to be trained under short course Others were to have visiting tours – Provision of equipment Computers Software Vehicles Hydro & lab equipment

88. The repeal of the Water Act & the Regional Water Authority Act in 1998 In 1998 the new water Act and the ZINWA Act were passed by parliament and accented by the president In 2000 the Water Act and ZINWA Act were operationalised thus the reforms entered the implementation phase

89. Aims – improve equity in access to water – improve the management of the resource – strengthen environmental protection – to improve the administration of the Act

90. Principles governing – ownership of both surface and ground water is vested in the state, hence authority is needed except for primary use – involvement of stakeholders in decision-making and management of the resource – water should be managed on catchment boundaries not provincial o0r district boundaries – development of the resource should be environmentally friendly

91. Principles governing – pricing of the resource should based on the user pays and polluter pays principle – water should be recognized both as an economic good and a social good Water as an economic good would achieve – water use efficiency – equity of use – encourage conservation – encourage protection

92. Changes to the water Act of 1976 Changes to the Act – cease granting water rights in perpetuity but water permits for 20 years – cease the use of priority date system – eliminate theory of private water (underground) – end the differentiation of flood flow, normal flow and storm flow – Minister to declare water shortage not president – Secretary of water to delegate some administration to ZINWA and catchment councils

93. Changes to the water Act of 1976 Changes to the Act – Replace registrar with the catchment manager – Replace advisory councils with catchment Councils – replace river-boards with sub-catchment councils – expand the source of assessor to include farmers – prohibition orders not to suspend operation – make the environment a legitimate water user – Introduction of the polluter pays principle

94. Division of responsibilities Administrative Court for appeal cases Department of Water Development for policy issues and regulation Zimbabwe National Water Authority for operational activities Catchment Councils for water allocation and dispute resolution Sub-Catchment Councils-day to day resources accounting

95. The ZINWA Act The ZINWA Act amalgameted the functions of the regional water Authority and some of the Department of water The Board of ZINWA has nine members – 4 from catchment councils – 5 from the bussimess community – 1 a gvt water engineer – and the Chief Executiver

96. Functions of ZINWA Planning of the water resources Development of the water resources – Dams – Boreholes – Water suplies Management of the water resources – In dams – Water suplies Provide secretariat to cachment councils Monitoring the wter resources in terms of – Quality – quantity

97. Financing of the Authority From monies collected from their operations – Sale of clean Water – Sale of raw water – From engineering services Water fund – Pollution levies – Water levies – Water permit charges Fund appropriated by government Other sources eg donation

98. Functions of catchment Managers Provide secretariate to catchment councils – Receipt of applications and registering them – Keeping a register of applictions and permits and their status Application, Provisional, Granted, Expired, renewal – Keeping records of permit performance as submited by permit holders – Technical advisor to catchment councils on application and dispute resolution – Allocation of unopposed permits when the councils are not sitting

99. Repeal of all regulations 2000 River boards regulation repealed sub-catchment council regulation catchment council regulations introduced water allocation regulations introduced water pollution control regulation

100. water allocation regulations Introduces the proportinal system of water allocation Introduces the proedures for applying for a permit – Subcatchment council – Catchment council Introduces the application forms for – A permit – Revision of a permit – Cancellation of a permit – etc

101. water allocation regulations Introduces the reports to accompany an application – Engineers report – Agricultural report – Mining engineer’s report – Environment report – etc Introduces the relevant fees that have to be paid on application Introduces the standard form of – Provisional water permit – Final water permit

102. water pollution control regulation Mrs vhevha could you give us a brief on the regulations

103. the WRMs Document 2001 challenges Equitable access to water for all Zimbabweans supply approach vs demand management financing the water sector pricing of water stakeholder involvement environment management land/water use planning gender & water resources management shared transboundary waters

104. Equitable access to water for all Zimbabweans: strategies – legal and institutional granting permit for fixed period removal of priority system principals to be observe in considering allocation establishment of catchment councils – water allocation planning stage – no priority in allocation in uncommitted area

105. strategies permits in management stage – sufficient water – insufficient water priority by use reallocation... Water generated....water in storage fractional allocation drought stage – declaration of shortage area – reallocation allocation

106. supply approach Vs demand management: strategies – market base water pricing effluent charges – technology based reduction of unaccounted for water recycling – recycling plant – pricing high such that recycling is an option water demand management in Agriculture – water saving technology – irrigation potential based on water loss

107. financing the water sector: strategies – government financing – commercialization of utilities – use of the money market – external funding – private sector participation service contracts management contracts lease contracts concessions joint ownership

108. pricing of water stakeholder involvement: strategies – average cost pricing blend pricing catchment pricing – site specific – targeted subsidies – levies and fees

109. environment management: strategies – instreamflow requirement – environmental impact assessment – integrated catchment management – water quality monitoring command and control market based approaches – environmental protection – polluter pays best management practices – prevention approaches – control of diffusion sources stakeholder approaches

110. Land & water use planning: strategies Lack of integration the cause of – land degradation – water degradation Integrated catchment management has been sited as the reason for the above

111. implementation Catchment and subcatchment councils formed end of 1999 Water act operational 2000 ZINWA formed 2000 ZINWA staffing 2001 Irrigation department formed 2002

112. Water Reforms In Zimbabwe Formation of Catchment Councils

113. CONTENTS BRIEF HISTORY OF STAKEHOLDER INSTITUTUTIONS EVOLUTION OF THE INSTITUTIONS – OLD INSTITUTIONAL SETUP – CURRENT INSTITUTIONAL SETUP – DESIRED INSTITIONAL SETUP THE ROLE OF CCs – BRIEF HISTORY – MEMBERSHIP – POWERS – FUNCTIONS CONCLUSION

114. BRIEF HISTORY OF STAKEHOLDER INSTITUTUTIONS Institutional reforms dates back to the 70s The Water Act of 1976 introduced Water Development Advisory Council (WDACs) based on Catchments Water Act revision of 1984 introduce Riverboards 1994 a National Steering Committee introduced to develop a WRMS

115. BRIEF HISTORY (cont.) Water Act Revision of 1998 Introduced – Catchment and Subcatchment Councils – abolished WDAC and River-boards 2000 Catchment institutions operationalized 2000 WRMS NSC was Disbanded (debate NSC) 2002 Association of Catchment Councils Launched Sept 2002 ZACPRO NSC Launched

116. EVOLUTION OF WATER INSTITUTIONS Local informal stakeholder groups (where there are few users and plenty of water) Localised formal groups that do not interact (where there are localised problems but plenty of water) Localised groups, formalised with defined structure of interaction and co-ordination (where water problems are shared by many upstream and downstream)

117. Old institutional Set up Institution have no relation to each other 1994 WRMS NSC 1976 WDAC 1984 Riverboards NATIONAL ( WRMS) CATCHMENT (Rivers System Plans) ICA (conservation Areas) Combined irrigation schemes Scheme specific

118. Current Institutional Set up Inter-linked and relate to each other CC Forum Catchment Councils (CC) Sub-Catchment Councils ZACPRO NSC National Level Catchment Level Sub-Catchment Combined SchemesScheme specific

119. Desired institutional Set up Technical Functions Basin Inst. (eg ZAMCOM) National Steering Com. Catchment Councils Sub Catch. Councils CS, Water User Ass. Water Utilities etc. Basin resource allocation National resource Distribution Catchment resource distribution Permit resource distribution Consumer resource distribution

120. Desired institutional Set up (cont.) Operational Functions Basin Inst. ZAMCOM National Steering Com. Catchment Councils Sub Catch. Councils CS, Water User Ass. Water Utilities etc. Negotiation Strategic Planning Water Budgeting & allocation Water Accounting (river) Operational

121. Desired Institutional (cont.) Government involvement Basin Inst. ZAMCOM National Steering Com. Catchment Councils Sub Catch. Councils CS, Water User Ass. Water Utilities etc. Gvt takes the lead Gvt participates Government observes and directs Govt observes & regulate Government regulate

122. Brief History of catchment Councils Water Development Advisory Councils Mazoe pilot project Mupfure Pilot Project Formation of Catchment Councils.

123. Water Development Advisory Councils The WDACs had a responsibility to plan water resources, on behalf of stakeholder in river systems. The WDAC were only active in the late 70s and early 80s but latter became dormant. In the 90s the institutions were found not to be serving the interests of all the water users minority of the society hence new institutions were introduced they were upgrade: RWA was upgrade to ZINWA, river boards to Sub-catchment councils and WDAC to Catchment councils. New institution have expanded roles, powers and geographic area of responsibility

124. Mazoe pilot project (stakeholder driven) The history of catchment and sub-catchment councils started at a workshop in Bindura 1996 an interim working group was established to form Mazoe catchment council and the sub catchment councils. At the on set this group was stakeholder driven Government official were technical a number of committees were formed as back up to the working group:

125. Mazoe pilot (cont.) the catchment Planning committee – water availability, – division of the sub-catchment, – preparation of catchment plans, – preparation of an allocation system etc the logistics committee – to find ways of accessing the people in the Mazoe – to decide on the logistical arrangements e.g. seminars and works shops.

126. Mazoe pilot (cont.) Public relations committee – to devise on means of interfacing with the public – making sure that people knew their role in the process The fund raising committee – to devise means of accessing funds to finance publicity material, workshops, travel costs etc. a secretariat that had – to do day to day work – to co-ordinate these committees, – provide secretarial and secretariat services.

127. Mazoe pilot (cont.) A number of problems were encountered – finances, logistics, talking the same language and to understand each other. – lower tears were facilitated through political structure and the lowest level was the Ward. Water User Boards: chairman was automatically a member of the sub-catchment council Sub-catchment councils: chairmen and vice chairmen were appointed to the catchment council Catchment Councils: members elected chairmen and vice The process took a period of about 1 year

128. Mupfure Pilot Project (gvt driven) Mupfure pilot project was borne out of documentation prepared by consultants. the project was approved by a donor hence it was fully funded, the two pilot projects stated at the same time & they launched their catchment councils at about the same. The delay for Mupfure was on the documentation approval process. it gained ground on implementation because of access to finances and the process had already been prescribed.

129. Mupfure Pilot (cont.) The project had a manager, a chief executive and supporting staff. the strategy was to work with target groups divided on sectoral lines e.g. rural and re-settlement,urban centres etc. It did not take long to appoint members of the sub- catchment councils. However, it took a bit of time to come up with members from the resettlement and rural areas. First water user associations were formed. From were representatives to the sub-catchment councils were elected. The chairmen and vice chairmen were automatically made members of the catchment council

130. Formation of Catchment Councils The ZINWA Act and Water Act of 1998 were to be operational on the 1 st of January 2000. Therefore, there was pressure to establish the ZINWA board whose 4 members came the Catchment Councils the quickest way to have these people in place had to be adopt, thus the Mupfure approach was adopted country wide. by the end of 1999 seven catchment councils namely, Sanyati, Mazoe, Save, Runde, Mzingwani, Gwayi and Manyame had been formed.

131. Formation (cont.) The Mazoe system took a longer time to develop but at full development people were already aware of the purpose of their mission. the Mupfure method was quicker to establish but the people elected did not know what they were supposed to do, It took exactly a year for the people elected in the new CC to be in control of the situation a period equal to that spend establishing Mazoe Catchment Council. hence would like to believe the that both systems were equally good.

132. Catchment Council membership Rural district councils, large scale and small scale miners, large scale and small scale farmers, communal and resettlement farmers, urban local authorities and industrialists, and other government institutions

133. Election of Catchment Council members Members are nominated by the sub-catchment councils to be on the catchment councils The chairman and vice-chairman are elected by the these people from the group. One third is supposed to leave office and be replaced after a year. This is done to allow knowledge transfer from the old member. The catchment councils are expected to funded from a water levy fund administered by ZINWA a treasurer, elected at an annual general meeting, keeps the council’s financial record.

134. Functions of Catchment Councils Preparation of outline plans in conjunction with ZINWA, for its river system determine and grant water permits regulate and supervise the exercise of permit with respect to the river system supervise the performance of sub-catchment councils ensure users comply with the provisions of the Water Act

135. Powers of Catchment Councils Employ or discharge persons conducting it affairs Pay expenses allowances or fees to member attending meetings Defend legal proceedings on behalf of committee Pay salary or wages to members engaged by NSC

136. Meetings of Catchment Councils The catchment council have the following meeting and two thirds represent a quorum: An annual general meeting of stakeholder representatives - receive and consider chairmen’s report - consider adoption of accounts - elect new member to fill vacancies - select treasurer - consider other matter

137. Meetings (cont.) an extra ordinary annual general meeting following a petition by not less than on quarters of members when the requested by a stake holder group or a group of sub-catchment councils sharing a public stream A week after any sub catchment council meeting of with it has the notice

138. Work Currently of High Priority Understanding water management in general Preparation of catchment outline plans Revision of water rights Allocation of Water permits Collection of Water levies Regulate and supervise the exercise of permit ensure measuring devices are in place to facilitate water measurements monitor flows and water use in accordance with a permit

139. CONCLUSION Catchment management is a complex process Most countries have been able to implement it under environmental agency the Zimbabwean context has been driven by the drought of 1991/92 this included legal reforms, institutional reforms and a water resources management strategy even thought we have not completely managed to capture all the aspects the Law is an important instrument to standardize and operationalize it. This entails an institutional set up with roles and responsibilities set followed by regulations to enforce compliance on certain provision