1. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Kellough & Carjuzaa Teaching in the Middle and Secondary Schools, 9e Module 1Today’s Middle and Secondary Schools: Purpose, Organization, Structure, and Reform Key Concepts/Terms/Players

2. Kellough & Carjuzaa Teaching in the Middle and Secondary Schools, 9e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Middle and Secondary Schools Middle and Secondary Schools Middle school – any school that includes students in some combination of grades 5-8 Middle school – any school that includes students in some combination of grades 5-8 Secondary school – any school that houses students in some combination of grades 7-12 Secondary school – any school that houses students in some combination of grades 7-12

3. Kellough & Carjuzaa Teaching in the Middle and Secondary Schools, 9e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Colonial Education: The First Schools Colonial Education: The First Schools Religion played a key role Religion played a key role Education started in the home Education started in the home Dame schools – women taught reading, writing, and basic math skills in their homes Dame schools – women taught reading, writing, and basic math skills in their homes Apprenticeships – after 1-3 years of study, boys completed an apprenticeship to master a trade Apprenticeships – after 1-3 years of study, boys completed an apprenticeship to master a trade Teachers were hired once a town reached 50 households Teachers were hired once a town reached 50 households

4. Kellough & Carjuzaa Teaching in the Middle and Secondary Schools, 9e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. The Advent of Secondary Education: The Forerunners of Today’s High Schools The Advent of Secondary Education: The Forerunners of Today’s High Schools Latin Grammar Schools – Boston Latin Grammar School founded in 1635 Latin Grammar Schools – Boston Latin Grammar School founded in 1635 Academies – Franklin Academy established in Philadelphia in 1751 Academies – Franklin Academy established in Philadelphia in 1751 English Classical Schools – The first American public high school started in Boston in 1821 when the English Classical School (later renamed the English High School) opened English Classical Schools – The first American public high school started in Boston in 1821 when the English Classical School (later renamed the English High School) opened

5. Kellough & Carjuzaa Teaching in the Middle and Secondary Schools, 9e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Funding for Public Secondary Education Funding for Public Secondary Education Most schools that were established in the early 1800s charged tuition and fees Most schools that were established in the early 1800s charged tuition and fees Deluder Satan Act required residents of Massachusetts to support elementary education as early as 1647 Deluder Satan Act required residents of Massachusetts to support elementary education as early as 1647 Communities with 500+ families were required to establish publicly funded high schools in 1827 Communities with 500+ families were required to establish publicly funded high schools in 1827 In 1874, the Kalamazoo Michigan Case provided state governments with the ability to levy taxes to support high schools In 1874, the Kalamazoo Michigan Case provided state governments with the ability to levy taxes to support high schools ….Property Tax…School Tax….

6. Kellough & Carjuzaa Teaching in the Middle and Secondary Schools, 9e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. The Creation of Junior High Schools The Creation of Junior High Schools Intermediate schools were established on the east coast at the beginning of the 20 th century Intermediate schools were established on the east coast at the beginning of the 20 th century First junior high school founded in Berkeley, CA in 1909 First junior high school founded in Berkeley, CA in 1909 By 1930, there were over 2,000 junior high schools By 1930, there were over 2,000 junior high schools By the 1970s there were over 8,000 junior high schools By the 1970s there were over 8,000 junior high schools

7. Kellough & Carjuzaa Teaching in the Middle and Secondary Schools, 9e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. The Creation of Middle Schools The Creation of Middle Schools Middle schools were started in the mid 1900s Middle schools were started in the mid 1900s Common features of middle schools include: interdisciplinary teaching teams, integrated curriculum, age-appropriate student-centered instructional strategies, block scheduling, and teacher advising programs Common features of middle schools include: interdisciplinary teaching teams, integrated curriculum, age-appropriate student-centered instructional strategies, block scheduling, and teacher advising programs

8. Kellough & Carjuzaa Teaching in the Middle and Secondary Schools, 9e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. The Changing Purpose of Education The Changing Purpose of Education Schooling in the Colonial Era – focused on moral development, adherence to religious doctrine, while securing social stability Schooling in the Colonial Era – focused on moral development, adherence to religious doctrine, while securing social stability In the 1800s, school focused on preparing students for the changing economy In the 1800s, school focused on preparing students for the changing economy Current purpose of schooling is debated; some think it is to prepare students for work, others believe it should prepare students for post-secondary education Current purpose of schooling is debated; some think it is to prepare students for work, others believe it should prepare students for post-secondary education

9. Kellough & Carjuzaa Teaching in the Middle and Secondary Schools, 9e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Reform Initiatives Reform Initiatives Early Reform Efforts Early Reform Efforts Goals 2000 (p. 9) Goals 2000 (p. 9) No Child Left Behind (NCLB) (p.10) No Child Left Behind (NCLB) (p.10)

10. Kellough & Carjuzaa Teaching in the Middle and Secondary Schools, 9e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Reforming Middle Schools Reforming Middle Schools K-8 Schools K-8 SchoolsProsCons

11. Kellough & Carjuzaa Teaching in the Middle and Secondary Schools, 9e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Today’s Middle and Secondary Schools Today’s Middle and Secondary Schools Number of middle and secondary schools Number of middle and secondary schools Student enrollments Student enrollments Expected growth Expected growth Key factors affecting the increase Key factors affecting the increase

12. Kellough & Carjuzaa Teaching in the Middle and Secondary Schools, 9e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Organizing Education to Meet Students’ Needs Organizing Education to Meet Students’ Needs Different types of schools: Different types of schools: (a) Magnet school –specializes in a particular area (b) Fundamental school – teaches basic skills (c) Charter school – autonomous w/charter/overseen (d) For-profit school – public school –for profit company (e) Partnership school – w/business or industry (e) Partnership school – w/business or industry (f) Tech prep high school- leads to applied science degree (g) International Baccalaureate School (h) Others

13. Kellough & Carjuzaa Teaching in the Middle and Secondary Schools, 9e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. The Middle School Concept and Philosophy The Middle School Concept and Philosophy Middle Schools and junior high schools Middle Schools and junior high schools Most common grade span Most common grade span Scheduling Scheduling Subject organization Subject organization Guidance/counseling Guidance/counseling Exploratory curriculum Exploratory curriculum Teachers Teachers Instruction Instruction Athletics Athletics

14. Kellough & Carjuzaa Teaching in the Middle and Secondary Schools, 9e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Organizational Provisions for Student Differences Organizational Provisions for Student Differences Curriculum tracks Curriculum tracks Homogenous grouping Homogenous grouping

15. Kellough & Carjuzaa Teaching in the Middle and Secondary Schools, 9e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Structuring Schools to Meet Students’ Needs Structuring Schools to Meet Students’ Needs The Structure of Middle Schools and High Schools The Structure of Middle Schools and High Schools The School Calendar Year The School Calendar Year The School Day The School Day Nonstandard Daily Starting Times Nonstandard Daily Starting Times

16. Kellough & Carjuzaa Teaching in the Middle and Secondary Schools, 9e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Learning Communities Teaching Teams Teaching Teams The School-Within-a-School (SWAS) Concept The School-Within-a-School (SWAS) Concept Teacher’s Daily Schedules Teacher’s Daily Schedules Common Planning Time for Interdisciplinary Teams Common Planning Time for Interdisciplinary Teams

17. Kellough & Carjuzaa Teaching in the Middle and Secondary Schools, 9e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Scheduling Nontraditional Scheduling Nontraditional Scheduling Block Scheduling: Block Scheduling:AdvantagesDisadvantages

18. Kellough & Carjuzaa Teaching in the Middle and Secondary Schools, 9e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Modifying the Curriculum to Facilitate Student Learning Striving to Present Quality Education for All Students Striving to Present Quality Education for All Students Providing Challenging Curriculum Options Providing Challenging Curriculum Options

19. Kellough & Carjuzaa Teaching in the Middle and Secondary Schools, 9e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Embracing Student Diversity to Meet Students’ Needs Embracing Student Diversity to Meet Students’ Needs At-Risk Students At-Risk Students Responsive Practices for Helping All Students Succeed in School Responsive Practices for Helping All Students Succeed in School

20. Kellough & Carjuzaa Teaching in the Middle and Secondary Schools, 9e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Preparing Teachers to Teach in a Diverse Classroom The Fundamental Characteristic of Exemplary Education The Fundamental Characteristic of Exemplary Education Committed Teachers Committed Teachers Reflective Decision Making and the Locus of Control Reflective Decision Making and the Locus of Control

21. Kellough & Carjuzaa Teaching in the Middle and Secondary Schools, 9e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Decision-Making and Thought-Processing Phases of Instruction Decision-Making and Thought-Processing Phases of Instruction Reflection and the Decision-Making Process Reflection and the Decision-Making Process Developing a Teaching Style Developing a Teaching Style A Model for Teaching A Model for Teaching

22. Kellough & Carjuzaa Teaching in the Middle and Secondary Schools, 9e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Accessing Community Resources to Meet Students’ Needs: Telecommunications Networks, Members of the Community, and Parent Organizations Vehicles for Obtaining and Sharing Ideas and Information Vehicles for Obtaining and Sharing Ideas and Information Home and School Connections Home and School Connections Community Service Learning Community Service Learning Telecommunications Networks Telecommunications Networks

23. Kellough & Carjuzaa Teaching in the Middle and Secondary Schools, 9e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. The Emergent Overall Picture Key Trends and Practices Today Key Trends and Practices Today Problems and Issues That Plague the Nation’s Schools Problems and Issues That Plague the Nation’s Schools