1. Africa and the Africans in the Age of the Atlantic Slave Trade
Chapter 20
Africa and the Africans in the Age of the Atlantic Slave Trade

4. The Beginning Factories: Missionary efforts Few permanent settlements
Established trading forts allowing trade from the interior
Much is established with the consent of the African people.
El Mina
Missionary efforts
Europeans saw the Africans as pagan savages (just like the saw everyone else)
Few permanent settlements
This was for goods and slaves not for living

5. Patterns of Conquest
What the Portuguese did in Africa is seen throughout the history of the slave trade:
Fortified trading stations
Combo of force and diplomacy
Alliances with local rulers
Predominance of commercial relations

6. Who The Portuguese were the main suppliers
The Dutch got involved later on capturing El Mina
The English wanted control for the plantations
African states on the coast benefitted from the slave trade
More inland states with firearms became suppliers

7. On the West Coast
Two important states that developed out of the slave trade
Asante:
Dealt with the Dutch
dominated the gold coast until the 1820s
Dahomey:
With the use of guns, created its own autocratic society based on trading slaves

8. On the East Coast
Continued to trade luxury items with the Muslim world
Some slaves got to Europe/America
Islamization will connect the northern savanna with the western external slave routes
This new phase with be more violent
Linked Islam and the slave trade
Movement to purify the Sufi
Major impact of the pastoral people (Fulani)

9. The Slave Trade The Atlantic Other slave trades
12 Million Africans shipped out
10-11 millions made it alive
So many were needed as a continuous supply.
Mortality and low birth rate
Needed to replenish
Other slave trades
Trans-Saharan
Red Sea
Muslims in East Africa

10. Keep in mind
Europeans used the fact that Africa already had slavery as a justification
Used many ways, and on many levels
Trade allowed the existing systems to expand and develop
The growing divine authority of the African rulers paralleled the rise of absolutism in Europe
The development of new political forms

11. Who was in control?
Control of the Slave trade often reflected who had European Control at the time
Portuguese until 1630: Supplying Brazil
Dutch : They took control of El Mina
English: needed fro their growing colonies
Royal African Company
French: Start by not major until 18th Century

12. Who did they trade? West: The Atlantic trade
Young men for hard labor
Changed the demographic of the region
More men in America
More Women in Africa
East: The Trans-Saharan trade
Muslim traders
Women
Domestic help and concubines

13. The African Diaspora
Slaves became an important segment of the new world population
Cultures mixed with other things to create something new
Slave Society
Whites on top

14. The Middle Passage

15. Triangle Trade
The major way Africa was linked to the increasingly integrated economy of the world

16. Was it Profitable?
Some say it was so profitable that there were major elements in the rise of capitalism and the origins of the Industrial Revolution
Like other things it appeared more profitable than it really was
The trade itself may not have given the most money
The industry that came out of the slave trade WAS VERY PROFITABLE

17. South Africa 1652: The Dutch East India Company
Colony Cape of Good Hope
Provision post
Dutch = Boers
1795: English take Cape Colony
1815 formal British Control
Limited Boers landholding
1834: Britain outlaws slavery
Great Trek: Boers leave top be free of government control in the North
Moving into someone else's land

18. The Impact of Slavery on Africa.
“Africa entered the world economy in the slave trade era. Its incorporation produced differing effects on African societies, but many societies had to adapt in ways that placed them at a disadvantage that facilitated later loss of independence during the 19th century. The legacy of the slave trade, as European rulers practiced forced labor policies, era lingered on into the 20th century.”

19. Terms
factories: trading stations with resident merchants established by the Portuguese and other Europeans. 
Dahomey: African state among the Fon or Aja peoples; developed in the 17th century centered at Abomey; became a major slave trading state through utilization of Western firearms.
El Mina: important Portuguese factory on the coast of modern Ghana.
 lançados: Afro-Portuguese traders who joined the economies of the African interior with coastal centers.
Luo: Nilotic people who migrated from the Upper Nile regions to establish dynasties the lakes region of central Africa.
 Nzinga Mvemba: ruler of the Kongo kingdom ( ); converted to Christianity and was renamed Afonso I; his efforts to integrate Portuguese and African ways foundered because of the slave trade.
Usuman Dan Fodio: Muslim Fulani leader who launched a great religious movement among the Hausa..
Great Trek: movement inland during the 1830s of Dutch-ancestry settlers in South Africa seeking to escape their British colonial government.
Luanda: Portuguese settlement founded in the 1520s; became the core for the colony of Angola.
Royal African Company: chartered in Britain in the 1660s to establish a monopoly over the African trade; supplied slaves to British New World colonies.
Shaka: ruler among the Nguni peoples of southeast Africa during the early 19th century; developed military tactics that created the Zulu state.
Indies piece: a unit in the complex exchange system of the West African trade; based on the value of an adult male slave.
Mfecane: wars among Africans in southern Africa during the early 19th century; caused migrations and alterations in African political organization.
triangular trade: complex commercial pattern linking Africa, the Americas, and Europe; slaves from Africa went to the New World; American agricultural products went to Europe; European goods went to Africa.
Swazi and Lesotho: African states formed peoples reacting to the stresses of the Mfecane.
Middle Passage: slave voyage from Africa to the Americas; a deadly and traumatic experience.
Asante: Akan state the Gold Coast (now Ghana) among the Akan people and centered at Kumasi.
obeah: African religious practices in the British American islands.
Osei Tutu: important ruler who began centralization and expansion of Asante.
candomble: African religious practices in Brazil among the Yoruba. |
vodun: African religious practices among descendants in Haiti.
asantehene: title, created by Osei Tutu, of the civil and religious ruler of Asante.
Palmares: Angolan-led large runaway slave state in 17th-century Brazil.
Surinam Maroons: descendants of 18th century runaway slaves who found permanent refuge in the rainforests of Surinam and French Guiana.
Benin: African kingdom in the Bight of Benin; at the height of its power when Europeans arrived; active slave trading state; famous for if bronze casting techniques.
William Wilberforce: British reformer who led the abolitionist movement that ended the British slave trade in 1807.

20. Good stuff to keep in mind
Stuff from this chapter that goes with the APWH Themes

21. Key Concept 1: Globalizing Networks of Communication and Exchange

22. The new global circulation of goods was facilitated by royal chartered European monopoly companies that took silver from Spanish colonies in the Americas to purchase Asian goods from the Atlantic markets but regional markets continued to flourish in Afro-Eurasia by using established commercial practices and new transoceanic shipping services
Commercialization and creation of global economy connected to new global circulation of American silver
Influenced by mercantilism, joint-stock companies were new methods used to control the domestic and colonial economies
The Atlantic system involved the movement of goods wealth and free and unfree laborers and the mixing of African, American and European cultures and people

23. The increase in interactions between newly connected hemispheres and intensification of connections within hemispheres expanded the spread and reform of existing religions and created syncretic belief systems and practices
The practice of Islam continued to spread into diverse cultural settings in Asia and Africa
Syncretic forms of religion (such as African influences in Latin America, interaction between Amerindians and catholic missionaries, or Sikhism between Muslims and Hindus in India and Southeast Asia) developed.

24. Key Concept 2. New forms of social organization and modes of production

25. Traditional peasant agriculture increased and changed, plantations expanded, and demand fro labor increased. These changes both fed and responded to growing global demand for raw materials and finished products
Peasant labor grew in many places
The Atlantic slave trade increased demand for slaves
The purchase and transport of slaves supported the growth of the plantation economy throughout the Americas

26. As new social and political elites changed, they also restructured new ethnic, racial and gender hierarchies.
Some notable gender and family restructuring occurred, including the demographic changes in Africa that resulted from the slave trades (as well as the dependence of European men on Southeast Asian women for conducting trade in region or the smaller size of European families)

27. Key Concept 3: State Consolidation and Imperial Expansion

28. Imperial expansion relied on the increased use of gunpowder, cannons and armed trade to establish large empires in both hemispheres.
Europeans established new trading-post empires in Africa and Asia, which proved profitable for the rulers and merchants involved in new global trade networks, but these empires also affected the power of the states in interior West and Central Africa