1. Understanding Drugs and Medicines
Chapter 9
Understanding
Drugs and Medicines
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2. FALSE—minor side effects of over-the-counter medicines are common.
ANSWERS
FALSE—minor side effects of over-the-counter medicines are common.
TRUE
FALSE—all drugs, despite their source, are made of chemicals
FALSE—people can become addicted (physically and/or psychologically to prescription drugs such as painkillers.
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3. Understanding Drugs and Medicines
Chapter 9
Understanding
Drugs and Medicines
Contents
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Section 1 Drugs
Section 2 Drugs as Medicines
Section 3 Drugs and the Brain

4. Drugs Section 1 Chapter 9 Header – dark yellow 24 points Arial Bold
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5. Chapter 9
Section 1 Drugs
VOCAB:
DRUGS: any substance that changes a person’s physical or psychological state.
MEDICINES: drugs used to cure, prevent, or treat illness or discomfort.
Good medicines have the following qualities:
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Effectiveness
Safety
Minor side effects

6. Chapter 9 VOCAB: DRUGS OF ABUSE: Taken for their mind-altering effects
Section 1 Drugs
VOCAB:
DRUGS OF ABUSE:
Taken for their mind-altering effects
No medical purpose/benefit
Can change the way your brain works in ways that are unhealthy and dangerous
Can change your behavior over time and lead to addiction and long-term health problems
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7. Chapter 9 What Are Drugs? All drugs are chemicals.
Section 1 Drugs
What Are Drugs?
All drugs are chemicals.
All drugs come from one of two sources:
Naturals sources, such as plants, animals, or fungi
Man-made in Laboratories
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8. Chapter 9 Types of Medicines
Section 1 Drugs
Types of Medicines
A prescription is a written order from a doctor for a specific medicine.
Over-the-counter (OTC) medicines can be bought without a prescription.
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9. Drugs can be taken into the body in the following ways:
Implanted pumps
Inhalation
Injection
Transdermal patches
Ingestion
Topical application
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10. Drugs as Medicines Section 2 Chapter 9
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13. Approving Drugs for Medical Use
Chapter 9
Section 2 Drugs as Medicines
Approving Drugs for Medical Use
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was created by the federal government to control the safety of food, drugs, and cosmetics in the United States.
The FDA uses an approval process for proving a drug is safe and effective. Some steps include:
Chemical or cell-culture testing in laboratories
Testing on animals
Testing on human volunteers
Clinical trials to compare to existing drugs
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14. Prescription Medicines (abbreviated: Rx)
Chapter 9
Section 2 Drugs as Medicines
Prescription Medicines (abbreviated: Rx)
Should only be taken with a doctor’s recommendation and supervision.
Taking someone else’s medication or failing to follow the prescription can be dangerous.
Can be illegal to possess certain medications without a prescription.
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15. Prescription Medicines
Chapter 9
Section 2 Drugs as Medicines
Prescription Medicines
Prescriptions include the following information:
Dosage (how much you should take)
When you should take the medicine
How often you should take the medicine
The length of time you should take the medicine
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16. Over-the-Counter (OTC) Medicines
Chapter 9
Section 2 Drugs as Medicines
Over-the-Counter (OTC) Medicines
Most OTC medicines are used for common illnesses, injuries, and disorders.
When choosing an OTC:
Decide what kind of OTC will work for you.
Decide whether you want a generic or brand-name medicine. They often have the same active ingredients but different inactive ingredients.
Read the labels.
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Long-term use of OTC medicines can cover up more serious problems.
If symptoms persist, consult a doctor.

18. Herbal remedies and dietary supplements
Chapter 9
Section 2 Drugs as Medicines
Herbal remedies and dietary supplements
Do not have to be approved by the FDA.
May be ineffective or dangerous
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19. Side Effects of Medicines
Chapter 9
Section 2 Drugs as Medicines
Side Effects of Medicines
Allergic reactions are the most serious risks to taking medicines.
Symptoms of anaphylactic shock include:
Itching all over the body
Swelling, especially in the mouth or throat
Wheezing or difficulty breathing
Pounding heartbeat
Fainting and unconsciousness
Possible death
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20. Side Effects of Medicines
Chapter 9
Section 2 Drugs as Medicines
Side Effects of Medicines
All medicines have potential side effects.
Drug interactions / reactions
MULTIPLIER EFFECT (increase or decrease the effect of one of the substances
occur when a drug reacts with another drug, food, or dietary supplement
Labels on OTC packages describe possible drug interactions and potential side effects.
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21. Using Medicines Wisely
Chapter 9
Section 2 Drugs as Medicines
Using Medicines Wisely
ASK YOUR DOCTOR QUESTIONS!
Make yourself part of your own healthcare team.
Learn the facts about any medicine you take.
Listen to your body.
It’s not always safe to suddenly stop taking a drug.
Speak up and enlist your parents’ help.
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22. Drugs and the Brain Section 3 Chapter 9
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23. How Drugs Affect the Brain
Chapter 9
Section 3 Drugs and the Brain
How Drugs Affect the Brain
Information processing in the brain takes place at the connections between neurons, called synapses
Signals are passed across synapses by chemicals called neurotransmitters
Some drugs affect the way neurons communicate by:
acting like neurotransmitters
blocking neurotransmitters
changing the amount of neurotransmitters
These changes can affect our moods and emotions
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25. Chapter 9 The Path to Addiction
Section 3 Drugs and the Brain
The Path to Addiction
ADDICTION: a condition in which a person can no longer control his or her drug use.
Most drugs of abuse activate the BRAIN REWARD SYSTEM, which releases chemicals that give pleasure.
Pleasure alone does not cause addiction
People who become addicts usually start by experimenting, then more regular use leads to a series of changes on the path to addiction.
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27. Addiction is a Treatable Disease
Chapter 9
Section 3 Drugs and the Brain
Addiction is a Treatable Disease
WITHDRAWAL: the symptoms that occur when a drug user stops using a drug.
Stopping drug use can be very difficult because the withdrawal symptoms are often very unpleasant.
Drug addiction is a brain disorder, and it is treatable.
Most communities offer a variety of treatment programs.
The best way to avoid addiction is to avoid drugs of abuse altogether.
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