1. PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PART A 9 The Endocrine System

2. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Endocrine System Fact or Myth  Hormones control muscle movements  Hormones control how tall you are  Hormones control when you went through puberty  Hormones control when you get sweaty palms before speaking in front of your class  Hormones control how much you urinate each time you go to the restroom  Hormones control when labor begins for childbirth  Hormones control milk production for breastfeeding  Hormones control the maturation of T cells for immunity

3. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Endocrine System  Endocrine versus exocrine??  Along with the nervous system, the endocrine system coordinates & directs the activity of the body’s cells.  Nerve impulse by the nervous system produce a quick response, whereas the endocrine system is slow-acting with chemical messengers called (hormones) released into the blood

4. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Endocrine System & Hormone Function (An Overview)  Organs are widespread, small, unimpressive & lack continuity

5. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chemistry of Hormones -hormones - chemical substances that are secreted by endocrine cells into the extracellular fluids & regulate the metabolic activity of other cells in the body - 2 main chemical classifications: 1.amino acid-bases - proteins, peptides & amines 2.steroids - made from cholesterol/sex hormones & adrenal cortex hormones

6. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Mechanisms of Hormone Action - target cell or organ is the body tissue that a particular hormone will affect - specific protein receptors must be present on target cell’s plasma membrane or interior where a certain hormone can attach/bind - hormone is a Greek word meaning “to arouse” by altering cellular activity

7. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Control of Hormone Release NNegative feedback mechanisms regulate nearly all hormone blood levels 1. Endocrine Gland Stimuli TThe stimuli that activate endocrine organs are hormonal, humoral, & neural a)Hormonal Stimuli – endocrine glands are kicked into action by hormones b)Humoral Stimuli – where changing blood levels stimulate hormone release. (humor – ancient word to indicate body fluids – blood, bile, etc.)

8. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Control, (cont.) c) Neural stimuli – nerve fibers stimulate hormone release.

9. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hormonal Stimuli of Endocrine Glands  Most common stimuli  Endocrine glands are activated by other hormones  Examples:  Anterior pituitary hormones

10. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hormonal Stimuli of Endocrine Glands Figure 9.2a

11. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Humoral Stimuli of Endocrine Glands  Changing blood levels of certain ions stimulate hormone release  Humoral indicates various body fluids such as blood and bile  Examples:  Parathyroid hormone  Calcitonin  Insulin

12. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Humoral Stimuli of Endocrine Glands Figure 9.2b

13. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Neural Stimuli of Endocrine Glands  Nerve impulses stimulate hormone release  Most are under the control of the sympathetic nervous system  Examples include the release of norepinephrine and epinephrine by the adrenal medulla

14. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9.2c Neural Stimuli of Endocrine Glands

15. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Review Questions 1 1.What are the chemical messengers of the endocrine system? 2.What are the two chemical classifications for hormones? 3.What are the specific tissue cells or organs that a hormone affects called? 4.What are the three types of endocrine gland stimuli? **Walking barefoot, you step on a piece of broken glass and immediately pull your foot back. Why is it important that the signal triggering this motion come from the nervous system and not from the endocrine system?

16. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Major Endocrine Organs  Pituitary gland  Thyroid gland  Parathyroid glands  Adrenal glands  Pineal gland  Thymus gland  Pancreas  Gonads (Ovaries and Testes)  Hypothalamus

17. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Major Endocrine Glands and Hormones Table 9.1 (1 of 4)

18. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Major Endocrine Glands and Hormones Table 9.1 (2 of 4)

19. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 9.1 (3 of 4) Major Endocrine Glands and Hormones

20. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 9.1 (4 of 4) Major Endocrine Glands and Hormones

21. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Location of Major Endrocrine Organs Figure 9.3

22. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings II.The Major Endocrine Organs -the hypothalamus (part of the nervous system) is also a major endocrine organ & produces several hormones that are secreted by the posterior pituitary gland

23. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pituitary Gland A.Pituitary Gland - a gland the size of a pea inferior to the hypothalamus - anterior pituitary (glandular tissue) & posterior pituitary (nervous tissue)

24. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary Figure 9.4

25. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 1.Anterior Pituitary a.Growth Hormone (GH) - target organs – skeletal muscles & long bones - function – growth & determining final body size *HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE - hyposecretion of GH in childhood leads to pituitary dwarfism - hypersecretion of GH in childhood results in gigantism - hypersecretion after long bone growth ends results in acromegaly

26. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary Gigantism Figure 9.5a

27. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary Dwarfism Figure 9.5b

28. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Facial aspect of a patient with acromegaly. The nose is widened and thickened, the cheekbones are obvious, the forehead bulges, the lips are thick and facial lines are marked. The forehead and overlying skin is thickened, sometimes leading to frontal bossing.  As compared with the hand of a normal person (left), the hand of a patient with acromegaly (right) is enlarged, the fingers are widened, thickened and stubby, and the soft tissue is thickened.

29. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary b.Prolactin (PRL) - target organ – breasts - function – stimulates & maintains milk production

30. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary c.Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) - target organ – adrenal cortex gland (superior to the kidneys) - function - regulates adrenal cortex activity

31. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Tropic Hormones -Tropic hormones – stimulate their target organs (endocrine glands) to secrete their own hormones -These hormones can be considered the “boss” getting the “employees” to do their job

32. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary d.Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)/also called Thyrotropic Hormone (TH) - target organ – thyroid gland - function – influences the growth & activity of thyroid gland

33. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary e.Gonadotropic Hormones - target organ - ovaries & testes - function – regulates the hormonal activity of the gonads

34. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary 1.Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) - in women, FSH stimulates follicle development in ovaries - as follicles mature, they produce estrogen/eggs  ovulation - in men, FSH stimulates sperm development in testes

35. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary 2.Luteinizing Hormone (LH) - in women, LH triggers ovulation (the release of an egg from a follicle) & causes ruptured follicle to produce progesterone - in men, LH stimulates testosterone production in the testes

36. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary *HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE - hyposecretion of FSH or LH leads to sterility in males & females - fertility drugs stimulates the release of gonadotropic hormones & multiple births can occur

37. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Review Questions 2 1.What does it mean to be a tropic hormone? 2.What are the target organs & functions of the following anterior pituitary hormones : GH? Prolactin? TSH? Adrenocorticotropic?Gonadotropic – FSH & LH? 3.What can a hypersecretion or hyposecretion of GH cause & is there a difference when the hypersecretion occurs? 4.What would a hyposecretion of the gonadotropic hormones cause in females? In males? ** A women has a “litter” of children. What hormone is involved & is it a hyposecretion or hypersecretion?

38. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pituitary–Hypothalamus Relationship  Hormonal release is regulated by releasing and inhibiting hormones produced by the hypothalamus  Hypothalamus produces two hormones  These hormones are transported to neurosecretory cells of the posterior pituitary  Oxytocin  Antidiuretic hormone  The posterior pituitary is not strictly an endocrine gland, but does release hormones

39. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary 2.Posterior Pituitary - hormone storage area a. Oxytocin - target organ - uterus & breasts - function – stimulates uterine muscle contractions & causes milk ejection` (the “let down reflex”)

40. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary b.Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) - target organ – kidneys - function – causes kidneys to reabsorb more water from forming urine - “diuresis” means urine production so an antidiuretic is a chemical that inhibits/prevents urine production - urine volume decreases & blood volume increases

41. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE - hyposecretion of ADH leads to diabetes insipidus which is an excessive urine output condition - drinking alcohol inhibits ADH secretion & results in large urine output amounts

42. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary Figure 9.6

43. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Thyroid Gland  Found at the base of the throat, just inferior to the Adam’s apple  Consists of two lobes joined by a central mass/ bowtie  Produces two hormones 1. Thyroxine (T4) or Triiodotyronine (T3)  Iodine based  Target organs – all cells of the body  Function – stimulates metabolism

44. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Thyroid Gland Figure 9.7a

45. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ** Homeostatic Imbalance  Thyroid hormone disorders  Goiters  An enlargement of the thyroid gland due to insufficient iodine  Salt is iodized to prevent goiters  Cretinism  hyposecretion of thyroxine in early childhood results in cretinism which is a type of dwarfism where body proportions remain childlike

46. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Thyroid Gland Figure 9.8

47. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ** Homeostatic Imbalance  Thyroid hormone disorders (continued)  Myxedema  hypothyroidism in adults results in myxedema & causes physical and mental sluggishness as well as obesity  Graves’ disease  hyperthyroidism resulting from a tumor on the thyroid  Results in increased metabolism, heat intolerance, rapid heartbeat, weight loss, and exophthalmos

48. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Thyroid Gland Figure 9.9

49. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Thyroid Gland 2. Calcitonin  Target organ – blood  Function – lowers blood calcium levels by causing calcium to be deposited in bones  Antagonistic to parathyroid hormone

50. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Parathyroid Glands  Tiny masses on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland/polka dots  Parathyroid hormone (PTH)  Target organs – bones, kidneys, & intestines  Function – raises blood calcium levels by stimulating bone destruction  Cells (osteoclasts) to break down bone & release calcium into the blood

51. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hormonal Regulation of Calcium in Blood Figure 9.10 Calcium homeostasis of blood 9–11 mg/100 ml Rising blood Ca 2+ levels Thyroid gland releases calcitonin Osteoclasts degrade bone matrix and release Ca 2+ into blood PTH Calcitonin Calcitonin stimulates calcium salt deposit in bone Parathyroid glands release parathyroid hormone (PTH) Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Falling blood Ca 2+ levels Imbalance

52. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hormonal Regulation of Calcium in Blood Figure 9.10, step 1 Calcium homeostasis of blood 9–11 mg/100 ml Rising blood Ca 2+ levels Imbalance

53. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hormonal Regulation of Calcium in Blood Figure 9.10, step 2 Calcium homeostasis of blood 9–11 mg/100 ml Rising blood Ca 2+ levels Thyroid gland Imbalance

54. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hormonal Regulation of Calcium in Blood Figure 9.10, step 3 Calcium homeostasis of blood 9–11 mg/100 ml Rising blood Ca 2+ levels Thyroid gland releases calcitonin Calcitonin Thyroid gland Imbalance

55. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hormonal Regulation of Calcium in Blood Figure 9.10, step 4 Calcium homeostasis of blood 9–11 mg/100 ml Rising blood Ca 2+ levels Thyroid gland releases calcitonin Calcitonin Calcitonin stimulates calcium salt deposit in bone Thyroid gland Imbalance

56. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hormonal Regulation of Calcium in Blood Figure 9.10, step 5 Calcium homeostasis of blood 9–11 mg/100 ml Rising blood Ca 2+ levels Thyroid gland releases calcitonin Calcitonin Calcitonin stimulates calcium salt deposit in bone Thyroid gland

57. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9.10, step 6 Calcium homeostasis of blood 9–11 mg/100 ml Falling blood Ca 2+ levels Imbalance Hormonal Regulation of Calcium in Blood

58. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9.10, step 7 Calcium homeostasis of blood 9–11 mg/100 ml Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Falling blood Ca 2+ levels Imbalance Hormonal Regulation of Calcium in Blood

59. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9.10, step 8 Calcium homeostasis of blood 9–11 mg/100 ml PTH Parathyroid glands release parathyroid hormone (PTH) Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Falling blood Ca 2+ levels Imbalance Hormonal Regulation of Calcium in Blood

60. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9.10, step 9 Calcium homeostasis of blood 9–11 mg/100 ml Osteoclasts degrade bone matrix and release Ca 2+ into blood PTH Parathyroid glands release parathyroid hormone (PTH) Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Falling blood Ca 2+ levels Imbalance Hormonal Regulation of Calcium in Blood

61. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9.10, step 10 Calcium homeostasis of blood 9–11 mg/100 ml Osteoclasts degrade bone matrix and release Ca 2+ into blood PTH Parathyroid glands release parathyroid hormone (PTH) Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Hormonal Regulation of Calcium in Blood

62. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9.10, step 11 Calcium homeostasis of blood 9–11 mg/100 ml Rising blood Ca 2+ levels Thyroid gland releases calcitonin Osteoclasts degrade bone matrix and release Ca 2+ into blood PTH Calcitonin Calcitonin stimulates calcium salt deposit in bone Parathyroid glands release parathyroid hormone (PTH) Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Falling blood Ca 2+ levels Imbalance Hormonal Regulation of Calcium in Blood

63. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Review Questions 3 1.What are the target organs & functions of the following posterior pituitary hormones: oxytocin? antidiuretic hormone? 2.Does the posteior pituitary produce its own hormones? 3. What are the target organs & functions of the thyroid gland hormones, thyroxine & calcitonin? 4.Which disorders arise from hyposecretion & hypersecretion of thyroxine? 5.What is target organ & function of parathyroid hormone? 6.Name 2 antagonist hormones. **Barry is excreting huge amounts of urine and does not drink alcohol. What condition could be causing this?

64. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Adrenal Glands  Two bean-shaped glands curving over the top of the kidneys  Each adrenal gland has essentially two organs: one is glandular (cortex) & the other is neural (medulla)  the cortex covers the medulla  Adrenal cortex—outer glandular region has three layers  Mineralocorticoids secreting area  Glucocorticoids secreting area  Sex hormones secreting area  Adrenal medulla—inner neural tissue region

65. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex Figure 9.11

66. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Location of Major Endrocrine Organs Figure 9.3

67. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex  Adrenal Cortex - produces 3 groups of steroid hormones collectively called corticosteroids a.Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) - target organ – kidneys tubules - function – regulates the mineral, or salt, content in blood/Na & K, which in turns regulates the water & electrolyte balance

68. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex Figure 9.12

69. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex b.Glucocorticoids (cortisone & cortisol) - target organ – blood - function – increases blood glucose levels, which in turn promotes normal cell metabolism & helps the body to resist long- term stressors primarily by raising blood glucose levels

70. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Roles of the Hypothalamus and Adrenal Glands in the Stress Response Figure 9.13 Short termMore prolonged Stress Hypothalamus Nerve impulses Adrenal cortex Releasing hormone Corticotropic cells of anterior pituitary ACTH MineralocorticoidsGlucocorticoids 1.Retention of sodium and water by kidneys 2.Increased blood volume and blood pressure 1. Proteins and fats converted to glucose or broken down for energy 2. Increased blood sugar 3. Suppression of immune system Long-term stress response Short-term stress response Spinal cord Adrenal medulla Preganglionic sympathetic fibers Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) 1. Increased heart rate 2. Increased blood pressure 3. Liver converts glycogen to glucose and releases glucose to blood 4. Dilation of bronchioles 5. Changes in blood flow patterns, leading to increased alertness and decreased digestive and kidney activity 6. Increased metabolic rate

71. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Roles of the Hypothalamus and Adrenal Glands in the Stress Response Figure 9.13, step 1 Short term Stress Hypothalamus

72. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Roles of the Hypothalamus and Adrenal Glands in the Stress Response Figure 9.13, step 2 Short term Stress Hypothalamus Nerve impulses Spinal cord

73. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Roles of the Hypothalamus and Adrenal Glands in the Stress Response Figure 9.13, step 3 Short term Stress Hypothalamus Nerve impulses Spinal cord Adrenal medulla Preganglionic sympathetic fibers

74. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Roles of the Hypothalamus and Adrenal Glands in the Stress Response Figure 9.13, step 4 Short term Stress Hypothalamus Nerve impulses Short-term stress response Spinal cord Adrenal medulla Preganglionic sympathetic fibers Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)

75. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Roles of the Hypothalamus and Adrenal Glands in the Stress Response Figure 9.13, step 5 Short term Stress Hypothalamus Nerve impulses Short-term stress response Spinal cord Adrenal medulla Preganglionic sympathetic fibers Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) 1. Increased heart rate 2. Increased blood pressure 3. Liver converts glycogen to glucose and releases glucose to blood 4. Dilation of bronchioles 5. Changes in blood flow patterns, leading to increased alertness and decreased digestive and kidney activity 6. Increased metabolic rate

76. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Roles of the Hypothalamus and Adrenal Glands in the Stress Response Figure 9.13, step 6 More prolonged Stress Hypothalamus

77. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Roles of the Hypothalamus and Adrenal Glands in the Stress Response Figure 9.13, step 7 More prolonged Stress Hypothalamus Releasing hormone Corticotropic cells of anterior pituitary

78. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Roles of the Hypothalamus and Adrenal Glands in the Stress Response Figure 9.13, step 8 More prolonged Stress Hypothalamus Adrenal cortex Releasing hormone Corticotropic cells of anterior pituitary ACTH

79. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Roles of the Hypothalamus and Adrenal Glands in the Stress Response Figure 9.13, step 9 More prolonged Stress Hypothalamus Adrenal cortex Releasing hormone Corticotropic cells of anterior pituitary ACTH Mineralocorticoids Long-term stress response

80. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Roles of the Hypothalamus and Adrenal Glands in the Stress Response Figure 9.13, step 10 More prolonged Stress Hypothalamus Adrenal cortex Releasing hormone Corticotropic cells of anterior pituitary ACTH MineralocorticoidsGlucocorticoids Long-term stress response

81. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Roles of the Hypothalamus and Adrenal Glands in the Stress Response Figure 9.13, step 11 More prolonged Stress Hypothalamus Adrenal cortex Releasing hormone Corticotropic cells of anterior pituitary ACTH MineralocorticoidsGlucocorticoids 1.Retention of sodium and water by kidneys 2.Increased blood volume and blood pressure Long-term stress response

82. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Roles of the Hypothalamus and Adrenal Glands in the Stress Response Figure 9.13, step 12 More prolonged Stress Hypothalamus Adrenal cortex Releasing hormone Corticotropic cells of anterior pituitary ACTH MineralocorticoidsGlucocorticoids 1.Retention of sodium and water by kidneys 2.Increased blood volume and blood pressure 1. Proteins and fats converted to glucose or broken down for energy 2. Increased blood sugar 3. Suppression of immune system Long-term stress response

83. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Roles of the Hypothalamus and Adrenal Glands in the Stress Response Figure 9.13, step 13 Short termMore prolonged Stress Hypothalamus Nerve impulses Adrenal cortex Releasing hormone Corticotropic cells of anterior pituitary ACTH Mineralocorticoids Glucocorticoids 1.Retention of sodium and water by kidneys 2.Increased blood volume and blood pressure 1. Proteins and fats converted to glucose or broken down for energy 2. Increased blood sugar 3. Suppression of immune system Long-term stress response Short-term stress response Spinal cord Adrenal medulla Preganglionic sympathetic fibers Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) 1. Increased heart rate 2. Increased blood pressure 3. Liver converts glycogen to glucose and releases glucose to blood 4. Dilation of bronchioles 5. Changes in blood flow patterns, leading to increased alertness and decreased digestive and kidney activity 6. Increased metabolic rate

84. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex c.Sex Hormones - produced in small amounts - target organs – reproductive organs - function – reproduction & male or female characteristics

85. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings *HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE -hyposecretion of adrenal cortex hormones leads to Addison’s Disease *bronze tone to skin, Na & H2O lost from body, muscles become weak, hypoglycemia & suppression of immune system -hypersecretion may result from an ACTH-releasing tumor causing Cushing’s syndrome *swollen moon face, “buffalo hump”-fat on upper back, high blood pressure, hyperglycemia, weakening of bones & severe depression of immune system - hypersecretion of sex hormones leads to masculinization

86. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cushing’s syndrome

87. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

88. Adrenal Glands 2.Adrenal Medulla - activated by neural stimuli through the sympathetic nervous sys. a.Catecholamines (epinephrine/adrenaline & norepinephrine) - target organ - blood - function – prolong the effects of the neurotransmitters of the sympathetic nervous system/increase heart rate, blood pressure,& blood glucose levels

89. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex Figure 9.11

90. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings E.Pancreas/Pancreatic Islets/Islets of Langerhans - located close to the stomach - mixed gland – composed of endocrine & exocrine cells

91. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pancreatic Islets Figure 9.14a–b

92. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pancreatic Islets Figure 9.14b–c

93. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 1.Insulin- Humoral stimulation - stimulated by high levels of glucose in the blood - target organs – all cells of the body - function – decreases blood glucose levels by increasing cell’s ability to transport glucose across their plasma membrane - once glucose is inside the cells, it is oxidized for energy (respiration) or converted to glycogen or fat for storage - insulin has a hypoglycemic effect

94. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings *HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE - normal blood glucose levels – 80-120 mg/100 ml of blood, w/out insulin, levels can rise to around 600 mg/100 ml of blood which cause glucose to spill into the urine - diabetes mellitus- literally means something sweet (mel = honey) is passing through or siphoning (diabetes = siphon) from the body - Type 1 diabetes – insulin pump or insulin injections are necessary - Type 2 diabetes – insulin resistance

95. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 2.Glucagon- antagonist to insulin/humoral stimulation - stimulated by low levels of glucose in the blood - target organs – liver - function – stimulates liver to break down stored glycogen to glucose & to release the glucose into the blood

96. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9.15 Insulin-secreting cells of the pancreas activated; release insulin into the blood Elevated blood sugar levels Stimulus: rising blood glucose levels (e.g., after eating four jelly doughnuts) Rising blood glucose levels return blood sugar to homeostatic set point; stimulus for glucagon release diminishes Blood glucose levels decline to set point; stimulus for insulin release diminishes Stimulus: declining blood glucose levels (e.g., after skipping a meal) Low blood sugar levels Glucagon-releasing cells of pancreas activated; release glucagon into blood; target is the liver Uptake of glucose from blood is en- hanced in most body cells Liver breaks down glycogen stores and releases glucose to the blood Liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen Homeostasis: Normal blood glucose levels (90 mg/100ml) Imbalance

97. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9.15, step 1 Homeostasis: Normal blood glucose levels (90 mg/100ml)

98. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stimulus: rising blood glucose levels (e.g., after eating four jelly doughnuts) Homeostasis: Normal blood glucose levels (90 mg/100ml) Imbalance Figure 9.15, step 2

99. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Elevated blood sugar levels Stimulus: rising blood glucose levels (e.g., after eating four jelly doughnuts) Homeostasis: Normal blood glucose levels (90 mg/100ml) Imbalance Figure 9.15, step 3

100. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Insulin-secreting cells of the pancreas activated; release insulin into the blood Elevated blood sugar levels Stimulus: rising blood glucose levels (e.g., after eating four jelly doughnuts) Homeostasis: Normal blood glucose levels (90 mg/100ml) Imbalance Figure 9.15, step 4

101. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Insulin-secreting cells of the pancreas activated; release insulin into the blood Elevated blood sugar levels Stimulus: rising blood glucose levels (e.g., after eating four jelly doughnuts) Uptake of glucose from blood is en- hanced in most body cells Homeostasis: Normal blood glucose levels (90 mg/100ml) Imbalance Figure 9.15, step 5

102. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Insulin-secreting cells of the pancreas activated; release insulin into the blood Elevated blood sugar levels Stimulus: rising blood glucose levels (e.g., after eating four jelly doughnuts) Uptake of glucose from blood is en- hanced in most body cells Liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen Homeostasis: Normal blood glucose levels (90 mg/100ml) Imbalance Figure 9.15, step 6

103. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9.15, step 7 Insulin-secreting cells of the pancreas activated; release insulin into the blood Elevated blood sugar levels Stimulus: rising blood glucose levels (e.g., after eating four jelly doughnuts) Blood glucose levels decline to set point; stimulus for insulin release diminishes Uptake of glucose from blood is en- hanced in most body cells Liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen Homeostasis: Normal blood glucose levels (90 mg/100ml)

104. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9.15, step 8 Stimulus: declining blood glucose levels (e.g., after skipping a meal) Homeostasis: Normal blood glucose levels (90 mg/100ml) Imbalance

105. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9.15, step 9 Stimulus: declining blood glucose levels (e.g., after skipping a meal) Low blood sugar levels Homeostasis: Normal blood glucose levels (90 mg/100ml) Imbalance

106. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9.15, step 10 Stimulus: declining blood glucose levels (e.g., after skipping a meal) Low blood sugar levels Glucagon-releasing cells of pancreas activated; release glucagon into blood; target is the liver Homeostasis: Normal blood glucose levels (90 mg/100ml) Imbalance

107. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9.15, step 11 Stimulus: declining blood glucose levels (e.g., after skipping a meal) Low blood sugar levels Glucagon-releasing cells of pancreas activated; release glucagon into blood; target is the liver Liver breaks down glycogen stores and releases glucose to the blood Homeostasis: Normal blood glucose levels (90 mg/100ml) Imbalance

108. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9.15, step 12 Rising blood glucose levels return blood sugar to homeostatic set point; stimulus for glucagon release diminishes Stimulus: declining blood glucose levels (e.g., after skipping a meal) Low blood sugar levels Glucagon-releasing cells of pancreas activated; release glucagon into blood; target is the liver Liver breaks down glycogen stores and releases glucose to the blood Homeostasis: Normal blood glucose levels (90 mg/100ml)

109. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9.15, step 13 Insulin-secreting cells of the pancreas activated; release insulin into the blood Elevated blood sugar levels Stimulus: rising blood glucose levels (e.g., after eating four jelly doughnuts) Rising blood glucose levels return blood sugar to homeostatic set point; stimulus for glucagon release diminishes Blood glucose levels decline to set point; stimulus for insulin release diminishes Stimulus: declining blood glucose levels (e.g., after skipping a meal) Low blood sugar levels Glucagon-releasing cells of pancreas activated; release glucagon into blood; target is the liver Uptake of glucose from blood is en- hanced in most body cells Liver breaks down glycogen stores and releases glucose to the blood Liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen Homeostasis: Normal blood glucose levels (90 mg/100ml) Imbalance

110. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Review Questions 4 1.What are the two portions of the adrenal gland? 2.What are the target organs & functions of the following adrenal cortex hormones: Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)? Glucocorticoids (cortisone & cortisol)? sex hormones? 3.What is caused by a hyposecretion & hypersecretion of adrenal cortex hormones? 4.What is the target organ & function of the following adrenal medulla hormone: Catecholamines (epinephrine/adrenaline & norepinephrine)?

111. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Review Questions 4 - cont. 5.What are the target organs & functions of the following pancreatic hormones: insulin? glucagon? 6.What is diabetes mellitus? What is the difference between type I & type II?

112. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings F.Pineal Gland/Body -hangs from the roof of the third ventricle of the brain 1.Melatonin - function – regulates day/night cycles

113. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings G.Thymus Gland - located in the upper thorax, posterior to the sternum - large in infants & children, decreases in size with age 1.Thymosin - target organs – white blood cells (T lymphocytes/T cells) - function – development of white blood cells & immune response

114. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings H.Gonads 1.Hormones of the Ovaries - ovaries are paired, almond-shaped in pelvic cavity a.Estrogens - function - estrogens are responsible for sex characteristics - primary sex charact. – growth & maturation of reproductive organs - secondary sex charact. – puberty/pubic & axillary hair

115. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hormones of the Ovaries b.Progesterone - works along with estrogen to bring about a menstrual cycle - progesterone sustains an implanted embryo in the uterus & helps prepare breast tissue for lactation

116. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 2.Hormones of the Testes - testes are suspended in a sac, the scrotum, outside the body a.Androgens/Testosterone is the most important - primary sex charact. – growth & maturation of reproductive organs - secondary sex charact. – facial hair, heavy bones & muscles, lower voice

117. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Review Questions 5 1.What is the target organ & function of melatonin, the pineal gland hormone? 2.What is the target organ & function of thymosin, the thymus gland hormone? 3.What are the target organs & functions of the hormones of the ovaries, estrogen & progesterone? 4.What is the target of testosterone, the hormone of the testes? 5.What is the difference between primary & secondary sex characteristics?

118. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Location of Major Endrocrine Organs Figure 9.3

119. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Other Hormone-Producing Tissues and Organs  Parts of the small intestine  Parts of the stomach  Kidneys  Heart  Many other areas have scattered endocrine cells

120. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Other Hormone-Producing Tissues and Organs Table 9.2 (1 of 2)

121. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 9.2 (2 of 2) Other Hormone-Producing Tissues and Organs

122. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Endocrine Function of the Placenta  Produces hormones that maintain the pregnancy  Some hormones play a part in the delivery of the baby  Produces human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in addition to estrogen, progesterone, and other hormones

123. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Developmental Aspects of the Endocrine System  Most endocrine organs operate smoothly until old age  Menopause is brought about by lack of efficiency of the ovaries  Problems associated with reduced estrogen are common  Growth hormone production declines with age  Many endocrine glands decrease output with age