1. Agenda 10/15 Finish/review guided notes (slide on what affects enzymes)– Per. 5 feedback inhibition (5 min) Groups that did same experiments- share and discuss data and questions - pick a rep from each group to present to class (10 minutes) –I check toothpickase lab during this Go through Analysis Questions and Share out group data – discuss errors, etc. (30 min.) Discuss experiment in lab manual (5 min) Last call Cells Quiz Homework- Enzyme lab packet due tomorrow Enzyme Quiz tomorrow – study guided notes, animations, powerpoint, lab Free Response questions due Wednesday Enzyme lab conclusion only (follow formal report rubric) due Friday

2. In general… Higher enzyme concentration (up to a certain point) = faster reaction rate Higher substrate concentration (up to a certain point) = faster reaction rate Too high/too low temp = slower reaction rate Too high/too low pH = slower reaction rate With inhibitors= slower reaction rate

3. Agenda 10/16 Study for Enzyme quiz while I check lab packet (5 min) Enzyme Quiz (20 minutes) Background of Lab in New Lab Manual (per. 5 & 6) – 5 min Go over Cells Quiz – 5 min Hemoglobin practice questions from Big Idea Pwpt. (slides 12-14)- 10 min Test analysis Homework – Free Response questions due tomorrow Enzyme lab conclusion only (follow formal report rubric) due Friday Ch. 9 Cornell Notes and concept checks due Friday 10/19 Ch. 9 online activities due Monday 10/22 8am Quiz on Cell Respiration Monday 10/22

4. Agenda 10/17 Per. 6 – last practice question from yesterday Grade FRQ’s (15 min) Practice Free Energy problems – 10 min Intro cell respiration and photosynth. as reverse processes (5 min) Discussion of Cellular Respiration pathways as redox reactions – Ch. 9 highlighted slides to 21 (15 min) Homework – For tomorrow – print pages 25-28 from Curriculum Framework on my website Enzyme lab conclusion only (follow formal report rubric) due Friday Ch. 9 Cornell Notes and concept checks due Friday 10/19 Ch. 9 online activities due Monday 10/22 8am (1 ½ hours) Open-poster Quiz on Cell Respiration Monday 10/22

5. Bozeman Biology – great podcasts http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DPjMPeU5Oe M&feature=relmfu (start at 5 ½ minutes)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DPjMPeU5Oe M&feature=relmfu Practice problems (chemistry based, scroll to bottom of first one) http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicr eview/bp/ch21/problems/ex21_6s.htmlhttp://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicr eview/bp/ch21/problems/ex21_6s.html http://129.123.92.202/biol3300- stark/Biol3300/documents/practice/gibbs.pdf (problems that give delta G’s)http://129.123.92.202/biol3300- stark/Biol3300/documents/practice/gibbs.pdf

6. Agenda 10/18 Cell respiration posters – memorize as you go Cell Respiration VHS video? (1-3 through glycolysis, 4 is Kreb’s, 5 is ETC) – did not show Homework - Enzyme lab conclusion only (follow formal report rubric) due tomorrow Ch. 9 Cornell Notes and concept checks due tomorrow Ch. 9 online activities due Monday 10/22 8am Open-poster Quiz on Cell Respiration Monday 10/22

7. Agenda 10/19 Collect enzyme lab conclusions Using poster and my slides, we go over cellular respiration Discuss and sum up cell respiration with your partner – quiz each other - I check Ch. 9 Notes during this Practice Quiz Homework – Ch. 9 online activities due Monday 10/22 8am Open-poster Quiz on Cell Respiration Monday 10/22 –NOTE – Poster itself will be checked but not graded

8. f. Cellular respiration in eukaryotes involves a series of coordinated enzyme-catalyzed reactions that harvest free energy from simple carbohydrates. 1. Glycolysis rearranges the bonds in glucose molecules, releasing free energy to form ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate, and resulting in the production of pyruvate.

11. Figure 9.8 Energy Investment Phase Glucose 2 ADP  2 P 4 ADP  4 P Energy Payoff Phase 2 NAD +  4 e   4 H + 2 Pyruvate  2 H 2 O 2 ATP used 4 ATP formed 2 NADH  2 H + Net Glucose 2 Pyruvate  2 H 2 O 2 ATP 2 NADH  2 H + 2 NAD +  4 e   4 H + 4 ATP formed  2 ATP used

12. Electron shuttles span membrane MITOCHONDRION 2 NADH 6 NADH 2 FADH 2 or  2 ATP  about 26 or 28 ATP Glycolysis Glucose 2 Pyruvate Pyruvate oxidation 2 Acetyl CoA Citric acid cycle Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis CYTOSOL Maximum per glucose: About 30 or 32 ATP Moving into matrix – on your picture, point to matrix, cristae, inner mitochondrial membrane, and intermembrane space NADH from glycolysis – 1.5 ATP vs. 2.5 ATP per NADH depending on which shuttle working

13. Figure 9.10 Pyruvate Transport protein CYTOSOL MITOCHONDRION CO 2 Coenzyme A NAD  + H  NADH Acetyl CoA 123 2. Pyruvate is transported from the cytoplasm to the mitochondrion, where further oxidation occurs.

14. Figure 9.12-8 NADH 1 Acetyl CoA Citrate Isocitrate  -Ketoglutarate Succinyl CoA Succinate Fumarate Malate Citric acid cycle NAD  NADH FADH 2 ATP + H  NAD  H2OH2O H2OH2O ADP GTPGDP P i FAD 3245678 CoA-SH CO2CO2 CO2CO2 Oxaloacetate 3. In the Krebs cycle, carbon dioxide is released from organic intermediates ATP is synthesized from ADP and inorganic phosphate via substrate level phosphorylation and electrons are captured by coenzymes.

15. Figure 9.11 Pyruvate NAD  NADH + H  Acetyl CoA CO 2 CoA 2 CO 2 ADP + P i FADH 2 FAD ATP 3 NADH 3 NAD  Citric acid cycle + 3 H 

16. Electron shuttles span membrane MITOCHONDRION 2 NADH 6 NADH 2 FADH 2 or  2 ATP  about 26 or 28 ATP Glycolysis Glucose 2 Pyruvate Pyruvate oxidation 2 Acetyl CoA Citric acid cycle Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis CYTOSOL Maximum per glucose: About 30 or 32 ATP Now moving to the inner mitochondrial membrane 4. Electrons that are extracted in the series of Krebs cycle reactions are carried by NADH and FADH2 to the electron transport chain.

17. g. The electron transport chain captures free energy from electrons in a series of coupled reactions that establish an electrochemical gradient across membranes. 1. Electron transport chain reactions occur in chloroplasts (photosynthesis), mitochondria (cellular respiration) and prokaryotic plasma membranes.

18. Figure 9.13 NADH FADH 2 2 H  + 1 / 2 O 2 2 e  H2OH2O NAD  Multiprotein complexes (originally from NADH or FADH 2 ) I II III IV 50 40 30 20 10 0 Free energy (G) relative to O 2 (kcal/mol) FMN Fe  S FAD Q Cyt b Cyt c 1 Cyt c Cyt a Cyt a 3 Fe  S 2. In cellular respiration, electrons delivered by NADH and FADH2 are passed to a series of electron acceptors as they move toward the terminal electron acceptor, oxygen. The electrons carried by FADH2 have lower free energy and are added to a later point in the chain.

19. 3. The passage of electrons is accompanied by the formation of a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane or the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts, with the membrane(s) separating a region of high proton concentration from a region of low proton concentration. In prokaryotes, the passage of electrons is accompanied by the outward movement of protons across the plasma membrane.

20. Figure 9.15 Protein complex of electron carriers (carrying electrons from food) Electron transport chain Oxidative phosphorylation Chemiosmosis ATP synth- ase I II III IV Q Cyt c FAD FADH 2 NADH ADP  P i NAD  HH 2 H  + 1 / 2 O 2 HH HH HH 21 HH H2OH2O ATP

21. 4. The flow of protons back through membrane-bound ATP synthase by chemiosmosis generates ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. ATP synthase uses the exergonic flow of H + to drive phosphorylation of ATP This is an example of chemiosmosis, the use of energy in a H + gradient to drive cellular work The H + gradient is referred to as a proton-motive force, emphasizing its capacity to do work Figure 9.14 INTERMEMBRANE SPACE Rotor Stator HH Internal rod Catalytic knob ADP + P i ATP MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX

22. –As hydrogen ions flow down their gradient, they cause the rotor to rotate. –The spinning rod causes a conformational change in the knob region, activating catalytic sites where ADP and inorganic phosphate combine to make ATP. INTERMEMBRANE SPACE Rotor Stator HH Internal rod Catalytic knob ADP + P i ATP MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX

23. Figure 9.16 Electron shuttles span membrane MITOCHONDRION 2 NADH 6 NADH 2 FADH 2 or  2 ATP  about 26 or 28 ATP Glycolysis Glucose 2 Pyruvate Pyruvate oxidation 2 Acetyl CoA Citric acid cycle Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis CYTOSOL Maximum per glucose: About 30 or 32 ATP

24. 5. In cellular respiration, decoupling oxidative phosphorylation from electron transport is involved in thermoregulation. Used by hibernating mammals Brown fat, high in mitochondria, with ETC uncoupling protein –Protein is activated during hibernation –Allows protons to flow back down their gradient without making ATP (uncoupled) –Ongoing oxidation of stored fuel generates heat to keep body temp warmer than environment –If ATP were made, would build up to high levels that would shut down the cell respiration pathways

25. Fermentation produces organic molecules, including alcohol and lactic acid, and it occurs in the absence of oxygen. See Ch. 9 slide 78 Animation

26. In alcohol fermentation, pyruvate is converted to ethanol in two steps. –First, pyruvate is converted to a two-carbon compound, acetaldehyde by the removal of CO 2. –Second, acetaldehyde is reduced by NADH to ethanol. –Alcohol fermentation by yeast is used in brewing and winemaking. Fig. 9.17a

27. During lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate (ionized form of lactic acid). –Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt. –Muscle cells switch from aerobic respiration to lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O 2 is scarce. The waste product, lactate, may cause muscle fatigue, but ultimately it is converted back to pyruvate in the liver. Fig. 9.17b

28. Some organisms (facultative anaerobes), including yeast and many bacteria, can survive using either fermentation or respiration. At a cellular level, human muscle cells can behave as facultative anaerobes, but nerve cells cannot. For facultative anaerobes, pyruvate is a fork in the metabolic road that leads to two alternative routes. Fig. 9.18

29. The Evolutionary Significance of Glycolysis Ancient prokaryotes are thought to have used glycolysis long before there was oxygen in the atmosphere Very little O 2 was available in the atmosphere until about 2.7 billion years ago, so early prokaryotes likely used only glycolysis to generate ATP Glycolysis is a very ancient process © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

30. Control of catabolism is based mainly on regulating the activity of enzymes at strategic points in the catabolic pathway. One strategic point occurs in the third step of glycolysis, catalyzed by phosphofructokinase. Fig. 9.20

31. Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can all be catabolized through the same pathways. Fig. 9.19

32. Let’s Practice Quiz Use your poster and follow along as I ask a few example questions. Then continue this with your neighbor.