1. The Enlightenment Thinkers at least some of them...

2. John Locke: (English) 1632-1704 Human nature is essentially good/moral

3. John Locke: 1632-1704 Human nature is essentially good/moral We have God given rights of life, liberty, property, and it is the government's job to protect those rights

4. John Locke: 1632-1704 Human nature is essentially good/moral We have God given rights of life, liberty, property, and it is the government's job to protect those rights Social Contract- you give up certain rights in order to have others protected and maximized

5. John Locke: 1632-1704 Human nature is essentially good/moral We have God given rights of life, liberty, property, and it is the government's job to protect those rights Social Contract- you give up certain rights in order to have others protected and maximized There is an abundance of resources in the world, so people do not need to fight over them... enough to go around

6. Thomas Hobbes: (English) 1588-1679 State of nature is characterized by scarcity and fear. Men are the "solitary, poor, hasty, brutish sort."

7. Thomas Hobbes: 1588-1679 State of nature is characterized by scarcity and fear. Men are the "solitary, poor, hasty, brutish sort." Natural right is to protect yourself, to SURVIVE

8. Thomas Hobbes: 1588-1679 State of nature is characterized by scarcity and fear. Men are the "solitary, poor, hasty, brutish sort." Natural right is to protect yourself, to SURVIVE Social Contract- you give up all power to an absolute ruler

9. Thomas Hobbes: 1588-1679 State of nature is characterized by scarcity and fear. Men are the "solitary, poor, hasty, brutish sort." Natural right is to protect yourself, to SURVIVE Social Contract- you give us all power to an absolute ruler There is an inherent scarcity of resources in the world and mankind will fight for what he needs to survive.

10. Isaac Newton: (English) 1643-1727 Defined the 3 laws of motion

11. Isaac Newton: (English) 1643-1727 Defined the 3 laws of motion Universal law of gravitation

12. Isaac Newton: (English) 1643-1727 Defined the 3 laws of motion Universal law of gravitation Showed that one universal law, mathematically proven could explain all motion in the universe

13. Isaac Newton: (English) 1643-1727 Defined the 3 laws of motion Universal law of gravitation Showed that one universal law, mathematically proven could explain all motion in the universe Created a new picture of the universe which worked according to Natural Law rather than religious

14. Isaac Newton: (English) 1643-1727 Defined the 3 laws of motion Universal law of gravitation Showed that one universal law, mathematically proven could explain all motion in the universe Created a new picture of the universe which worked according to Natural Law rather than religious Most famous and first book entitled "Principia" which helped to remove the last doubts about heliocentricism and propelled the Scientific Revolution

15. Charles-Louis de Secondat, the Baron de Montesquieu: (French) 1689-1755 All things are made up of laws that never change, and can be studied scientifically

16. Charles-Louis de Secondat, the Baron de Montesquieu: (French) 1689-1755 All things are made up of laws that never change, and can be studied scientifically 3 Types of Government: 1. Monarchy (King or Queen) for moderate size states 2. Republic (ruled by an elected leader) for small states 3. Despotism (ruled by a dictator) for large states

17. Charles-Louis de Secondat, the Baron de Montesquieu: (French) 1689-1755 All things are made up of laws that never change, and can be studied scientifically 3 Types of Government: 1. Monarchy (King or Queen) for moderate size states 2. Republic (ruled by an elected leader) for small states 3. Despotism (ruled by a dictator) for large states Balance of Power is essential- 3 branches of Government: EXECUTIVE/JUDICIAL/LEGISLATIVE Basis of the US Constitution

18. Francois-Marie Arouet (pen-name: Voltaire): French 1694-1778 1717 writings got him an 11 month prison sentence for a scathing commentary on French government. Wrote his first success "Oedipe" with the pen name Voltaire

19. Francois-Marie Arouet (pen-name: Voltaire): French 1694-1778 1717 writings got him an 11 month prison sentence for a scathing commentary on French government. Wrote his first success "Oedipe" with the pen name Voltaire Attracted to philosophies of Locke and Newton

20. Francois-Marie Arouet (pen-name: Voltaire): French 1694-1778 1717 writings got him an 11 month prison sentence for a scathing commentary on French government. Wrote his first success "Oedipe" with the pen name Voltaire Attracted to philosophies of Locke and Newton Strong belief in religious toleration

21. Francois-Marie Arouet (pen-name: Voltaire): French 1694-1778 1717 writings got him an 11 month prison sentence for a scathing commentary on French government. Wrote his first success "Oedipe" with the pen name Voltaire Attracted to philosophies of Locke and Newton Strong belief in religious toleration Championed Deism> religious philosophy based on reason and natural law. Newton's idea of a world machine. God = the mechanic, runs on natural law- like a clock

22. Denis Diderot: (French) 1713-1784 Most famous contribution to the Enlightenment was the Encyclopedia- purpose was to change the general way of thinking

23. Denis Diderot: (French) 1713-1784 Most famous contribution to the Enlightenment was the Encyclopedia- purpose was to change the general way of thinking Like Voltaire- supported religious toleration

24. Denis Diderot: (French) 1713-1784 Most famous contribution to the Enlightenment was the Encyclopedia- purpose was to change the general way of thinking Like Voltaire- supported religious toleration Helped to spread the ideas of the Enlightenment "Internet of his time"

25. Adam Smith: (Scottish) 1723-1790 Published "The Wealth of Nations" which taught Laissez- Faire- let the people do what they want: Government keeps its hands off the economy

26. Adam Smith: (Scottish) 1723-1790 Published "The Wealth of Nations" which taught Laissez- Faire- let the people do what they want: Government keeps its hands off the economy Government has only 3 responsibilities:

27. Adam Smith: (Scottish) 1723-1790 Published "The Wealth of Nations" which taught Laissez- Faire- let the people do what they want: Government keeps its hands off the economy Government has only 3 responsibilities: 1. Protect from invasion (army)

28. Adam Smith: (Scottish) 1723-1790 Published "The Wealth of Nations" which taught Laissez- Faire- let the people do what they want: Government keeps its hands off the economy Government has only 3 responsibilities: 1. Protect from invasion (army) 2. Protect from injustice (police)

29. Adam Smith: (Scottish) 1723-1790 Published "The Wealth of Nations" which taught Laissez- Faire- let the people do what they want: Government keeps its hands off the economy Government has only 3 responsibilities: 1. Protect from invasion (army) 2. Protect from injustice (police) 3. Keep up certain public works ie: roads, canals, (infrastructure) that private individuals could not afford

30. Jean-Jacques Rousseau: (Swiss) 1712-1778 Man is essentially good. Nature can make him bad- needs society to bring order

31. Jean-Jacques Rousseau: (Swiss) 1712-1778 Man is essentially good. Nature can make him bad- needs society to bring order Most important work = "The Social Contract" describes the relationship of man with society

32. Jean-Jacques Rousseau: (Swiss) 1712-1778 Man is essentially good. Nature can make him bad- needs society to bring order Most important work = "The Social Contract" describes the relationship of man with society Attacked notion of private property. Some say is a fore- bearer of modern socialism

33. Jean-Jacques Rousseau: (Swiss) 1712-1778 Man is essentially good. Nature can make him bad- needs society to bring order Most important work = "The Social Contract" describes the relationship of man with society Attacked notion of private property. Some say is a fore- bearer of modern socialism Questioned the correctness of the will of the majority

34. Jean-Jacques Rousseau: (Swiss) 1712-1778 Man is essentially good. Nature can make him bad- needs society to bring order Most important work = "The Social Contract" describes the relationship of man with society Attacked notion of private property. Some say is a fore- bearer of modern socialism Questioned the correctness of the will of the majority Politics and morality should not be separated

35. Jean-Jacques Rousseau: (Swiss) 1712-1778 Man is essentially good. Nature can make him bad- needs society to bring order Most important work = "The Social Contract" describes the relationship of man with society Attacked notion of private property. Some say is a fore- bearer of modern socialism Questioned the correctness of the will of the majority Politics and morality should not be separated The state is created to preserve freedom

36. Cesare Beccaria: (Italian) 1738-1794 Punishments should not be exercises in brutality- condemned torture

37. Cesare Beccaria: (Italian) 1738-1794 Punishments should not be exercises in brutality- condemned torture opposed capital punishment- believed it did not stop others from committing crimes, but rather set an example of barbarism

38. Mary Wollstonecraft: (English) 1759-1797 Founder of modern European and American movement for woman's rights

39. Mary Wollstonecraft: (English) 1759-1797 Founder of modern European and American movement for woman's rights Her book "A Vindication of the Rights of Women" identified 2 problems with the views of the Enlightenment thinkers:

40. Mary Wollstonecraft: (English) 1759-1797 Founder of modern European and American movement for woman's rights Her book "A Vindication of the Rights of Women" identified 2 problems with the views of the Enlightenment thinkers: 1. Those that argued that women obey men also argued that arbitrary (random) powers of monarchs was wrong

41. Mary Wollstonecraft: (English) 1759-1797 Founder of modern European and American movement for woman's rights Her book "A Vindication of the Rights of Women" identified 2 problems with the views of the Enlightenment thinkers: 1. Those that argued that women obey men also argued that arbitrary (random) powers of monarchs was wrong 2. Enlightenment based on ideas that reason is present in ALL human beings

42. Mary Wollstonecraft: (English) 1759-1797 Founder of modern European and American movement for woman's rights Her book "A Vindication of the Rights of Women" identified 2 problems with the views of the Enlightenment thinkers: 1. Those that argued that women obey men also argued that arbitrary (random) powers of monarchs was wrong 2. Enlightenment based on ideas that reason is present in ALL human beings Women should have equal rights in education, economic and political life