1. Geocentric vs. Heliocentric
A Battle for the Ages

2. The Beginnings of the Geocentric Model of the Universe

3. Early Greek Astronomy
Aristotle (384 – 322 BCE): States that the Universe is a perfect sphere with Earth at the center.
Objects in space also move in perfect circles.

4. EARTH at Center!!

5. Early Greek Astronomy
Ptolomy (140 AD): Still believed that Earth was center of Universe (geocentric theory). Noticed that Aristotle’s model did not explain planetary movements.
Planets and stars moved in EPICYCLES. In other words planets move in perfect CIRCLES WITHIN CIRCLES!

6. Ptolemaic System Jupiter Mars Saturn Earth & Moon Venus Mercury Sun
Ptolemaic System
Mars
Jupiter
Ptolemy’s system provided the intellectual framework for all discussion of the universe for nearly 1600 years!! So in a very true sense, this idea was stupendously successful even though we now know that it was incorrect.
Saturn
Earth & Moon
Venus
Mercury
Sun

8. The Revolution of Ideas
The Beginnings of the Heliocentric Model of the Universe

9. The Copernican Revolution!
Copernicus ( )
A Polish Astronomer
The Copernican Revolution!

10. Copernicus 1. Earth is not the center of “everything.”
2. All the planets revolve around the Sun! (heliocentric theory)
3. Stars are very much farther away than the Sun
4. Any motion of the stars is a result of the Earth’s rotation
5. Still used “perfect” circles for the orbits.

11. Changing Ideas is Not Easy.
Copernicus was no fool. He waited until his own death before he published his new ideas.
On March 5, 1616, Copernicus' work was banned from being taught and discussed by the Congregation of the Index "until corrected." It stayed on this list of prohibited books and teachings until 1822!!!!

12. Italian scientist
Galileo Galilei (late 1500s - early 1600s): First to point the refracting TELESCOPE towards the heavens. He studied the movement and orbits of many nearby planets in our solar system.
Offered PROOF to Copernicus’s Heliocentric Model of our Universe.
Led to the discovery of the moons of Jupiter

13. Galileo Galilei

14. The Great Compromise Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) Danish Nobleman
Experimentalist & Observer.
Made very careful measurements of star’s positions. Earth must be stationary.

15. Tycho developed a system that combined the best of both worlds.
Tychonic Model
Tycho developed a system that combined the best of both worlds.
He kept the Earth in the center of the universe, so that he could retain Aristotelian physics and Ptolemy’s geocentric idea.
The Moon and Sun revolved about the Earth, and the shell of the fixed stars was centered on the Earth.
But Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn revolved about the Sun.

16. Tychonic Model

17. The German Student
Johannes Kepler (early 1600’s): Followed Tycho’s work BUT followed the Heliocentric Model.
Used Math to calculate that planets moved in ORBITS and along ELLIPSES.

18. Supported Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion
Newton’s Idea of
Law of Universal Gravitation
Supported Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion

19. Kepler’s Planetary Diagram

20. Issac Newton English scientist (mid 1660’s)
3 laws of motion explain how the inertia of a planet with gravity causes orbital motion.
Also, developed the reflecting telescope.

21. Today!