1. Invisible Universe Int. Conf - 29 June – 3 July 2009 — Paris, France Dark Energy and Cosmic Dust Thomas Prevenslik Berlin, Germany Hong Kong, China 1

2. Invisible Universe Int. Conf - 29 June – 3 July 2009 — Paris, France Background Dark Energy is usually invoked to explain the expansion of the Universe But is the Universe expanding? If not, there is no need for dark energy. 2

3. Invisible Universe Int. Conf - 29 June – 3 July 2009 — Paris, France Universe Expansion : Evidence In 1929, Hubble discovered the light from distant quasars was redshift Based on the Doppler effect, the Hubble redshift was interpreted as the expansion of the universe. 3

4. Invisible Universe Int. Conf - 29 June – 3 July 2009 — Paris, France Purpose Show Hubble redshift is produced in cosmic dust by QED induced EM radiation QED = Quantum Electro Dynamics EM = Electromagnetic 4

5. Invisible Universe Int. Conf - 29 June – 3 July 2009 — Paris, France Cosmic Dust Particles (DPs) Spherical DP ~ radius a and diameter D = 2a Very small grains – D ~ 0.001 to 1 µm ( Typical in the ISM ) Large grains – D ~ 1 – 10 µm ( Typical in DMC ) Grain Material – Amorphous Silicate Power law size distribution: dn/da ~ a -3.5 ( a max ~ 0.3µm ) 5

6. Invisible Universe Int. Conf - 29 June – 3 July 2009 — Paris, France Spectral ISM Features UV absorption centered at 2175A Broad silicate absorption 3.1µm : O-H stretch 6µm : H-O-H bend 9.7µm : Si-O stretch 18µm : Si-O-Si bend Currently thought produced by the thermal radiative emission from Heating DPs by a single starlight photon 6

7. Invisible Universe Int. Conf - 29 June – 3 July 2009 — Paris, France Hubble Law Distance d to Supernova, H o = Hubble constant = 71 km /s / Mpc = 20 km /s /Mly 7

8. Invisible Universe Int. Conf - 29 June – 3 July 2009 — Paris, France Hubble Redshift By Doppler’s effect, the velocity V of the Supernova relative to Earth, Z = Redshift o = Redshift wavelength = Supernova line c = Speed of light 8

9. Invisible Universe Int. Conf - 29 June – 3 July 2009 — Paris, France QED Induced Redshift Quantum Mechanics requires the heat capacity and specific heat of submicron DPs to vanish. Absorption of Supernova photon cannot be conserved by an increase in DP temperature. QED induces the Supernova photon to increase its wavelength to the EM wavelength of the DP The EM confinement of the DP leaks the QED induced photon as redshift EM emission. 9

10. Invisible Universe Int. Conf - 29 June – 3 July 2009 — Paris, France Heat Transfer in DPs Classically, EM energy absorbed by a body is conserved by an increase in temperature Astronomers have assumed DPs to have specific heat to conserve the absorption of starlight photons in a DPs by an increase in temperature But QM requires the specific heat of submicron DPs to vanish at temperatures of 2.7 K 10

11. Invisible Universe Int. Conf - 29 June – 3 July 2009 — Paris, France Heat Content in DPs 11 D = / 2

12. Invisible Universe Int. Conf - 29 June – 3 July 2009 — Paris, France DP Specific Heat Vanishes 12 D = / 2

13. Invisible Universe Int. Conf - 29 June – 3 July 2009 — Paris, France EM Confinement From QM, Photons of wave length are created by supplying EM energy to a box with walls separated by /2. For spherical DPs having diameter D and refractive index n r > 1, 13

14. Invisible Universe Int. Conf - 29 June – 3 July 2009 — Paris, France QED induced Redshift 14 Specific Heat Vanishes No Temperature change Supernova Photon DP Redshift Emission o = 2Dn r

15. Invisible Universe Int. Conf - 29 June – 3 July 2009 — Paris, France Upper Bound Redshift 15

16. Invisible Universe Int. Conf - 29 June – 3 July 2009 — Paris, France Reddening and Redshift Reddening occurs by scattering, but also occurs by QED induced redshift Consider a D = 280 nm amorphous silicate DP absorbing Supernova photons having wavelengths shorter than the EM confinement at o = 810 nm. All Supernova photons are redshift by QED to produce one or more red 810 nm photons indistinguishable from those produced by scattering Treating the red photon at 810 nm as redshift of the Ly  line at 121.6 nm, the QED induced redshift Z = 5.7 The Hubble Law gives the Universe expanding at velocity = 0.956 c with the Supernova at 4096 Mpc from the earth But the Universe is not expanding !!! 16

17. Invisible Universe Int. Conf - 29 June – 3 July 2009 — Paris, France Infrared Spectra Astronomers treat the observed IR spectra as thermal emission from the absorption of a single UV photon by a DP. For IR from 2 to 25 µm, temperatures < 1000 K !!! A single 0.25 µm UV photon absorbed in a 8.62 µm amorphous silicate DP is QED redshift to o = 25 µm with the temperature remaining at 2.7 K The IR spectra is produced in DPs upon absorbing galactic light For IR from 2 to 25 µm, the QED induced redshift 7 < Z < 99 But the Universe is not expanding !!! 17

18. Invisible Universe Int. Conf - 29 June – 3 July 2009 — Paris, France Einstein’s Static Universe Friedmann Equations Static Universe Cosmological constant Zero Dark Energy Curvature 18

19. Invisible Universe Int. Conf - 29 June – 3 July 2009 — Paris, France Dark Energy Universe Unstable 19 Dark energy not consistent with Static Universe Gravitation at Universe Surface Dark Energy Pressure R g < 0

20. Invisible Universe Int. Conf - 29 June – 3 July 2009 — Paris, France Radiation Universe Stable 20 Gravitation at Universe Surface Incremental Change in Gravitation Radiation Pressure

21. Invisible Universe Int. Conf - 29 June – 3 July 2009 — Paris, France Radiation Universe Stable 21 Temperature Mass Density Energy Density Radiation consistent with Static Universe

22. Invisible Universe Int. Conf - 29 June – 3 July 2009 — Paris, France Conclusions QED induced redshift of Supernova light negates expanding Universe by Hubble’s Law No need for dark energy in a non-expanding Universe Einstein’s static Universe with dark energy is Unstable Radiation stabilizes Einstein’s static Universe Static Universe  =  T 4 /c 3 ~ 1x10 -28 g/cm 3 Expanding Universe  = 3H 2 /8  G ~ 5x10 -30 g/cm 3 22

23. Invisible Universe Int. Conf - 29 June – 3 July 2009 — Paris, France Questions & Papers Email: nanoqed@gmail.com http://www.nanoqed.org or http://www.nanoqed.net 23