1. The Road to Newton: The Law of Universal Gravitation (Palmer, section 28) AP European History Androstic 2012-2013

2. Scientific Advancements  Advancing on many fronts  Disciplines advanced at different speeds  Physics and astronomy developed fastest (most notably thanks to mathematics)  Biology, anatomy, botany, chemistry developed slower

3. The Aristotelian View of the Universe  Aristotle est. this view in the 4 th century B.C.  GEOCENTRIC view  motionless Earth is at the center of universe  moon, sun, planets, and stars revolve around the Earth.  Circular orbits  Earth composed of “heavy” elements  celestial bodies weightless, allowing them to orbit the Earth

4. Ptolemaic View of the Universe  Ptolemy (2 nd century A.D.)  Also geocentric (builds off Aristotle)  complicated rules to explain the minor irregularities planetary movement to mathematically prove the GEOCENTRIC universe (What kind of reasoning is this?)

5. The Copernican Hypothesis  In the 16 th century, the Polish monk, mathematician, and astronomer Copernicus (1473-1543) challenged the geocentric theory.  On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres argued the sun was the center of the solar system aka  HELIOCENTRIC system  His ideas are attacked by religious authorities; Luther called him “the fool who wants to turn the whole art of astronomy upside down.”

6. Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)  A Danish nobleman who built an advanced observatory where he studied the stars and planets for over 20 years  Had a limited understanding of mathematics, but hypothesized a universe that was part Ptolemaic and part Copernican (figure to the left).

7. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)  Brilliant young assistant of Brahe  Formulated THREE laws of planetary motion: Orbits of the planets are ELIPTICAL rather than circular Planets do NOT move at a uniform speed in their orbits The time a planet takes to make its orbit is precisely related to its distance from the sun  Kepler’s contributions are HUGE; he had mathematically proved the relations of a sun-centered solar system, aka HELIOCENTRIC

8. Cover of the Rudolphine Tables, 1627

9. Galileo (1564-1642)  Using refined telescope; viewed moon’s irregularities and stated that the moon is NOT luminous, made of earth-like substances  formulated the law of inertia stating that rest is NOT the natural state of objects  Tried and condemned by the Catholic Church because his discoveries contradicted scripture  He was finally absolved by Pope John Paul II in 1992.

10. The Newton ian Synthesis  “If I have seen further [than others], it is by standing on the shoulders of Giants.” (Newton) 1642-1727  Published Principia in 1687 which postulated the law of universal gravitation. This synthesized the astronomy of Copernicus, as corrected by Kepler’s laws, with the physics of Galileo.  According to this law, every body in the universe attracts every other body in the universe in a precise mathematical relationship, whereby the force of attraction is proportional to the quantity of matter of the objects and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

11. Model of our Solar System

12. Consequences of the Scientific Revolution  Explosion of scientific thought  Growth of scientific institutions (Royal Society of London (1662), Royal Academy of Sciences (France, 1666)  Scientific publications help spread ideas faster  Scientific improvements (navigation and mapmaking, advancing military technologies, tidal charts, steam power)  Increased skepticism, conflict between science and religion  Confidence in human ability  Reinforcement of natural law/natural rights  Economic and social changes Taxes to pay for development of military Agricultural and industrial improvement

13. Questions to assess your understanding: (the MICRO history)  Whose ideas were the basis for Europeans’ view of the universe?  Which astronomers contributed to the destruction of the geocentric view of the universe?  What does empiricism emphasize?  Who created the modern scientific method?  Who put forth the three laws of planetary motion?  Who formulated the law of universal gravitation?  What was Galileo’s greatest achievement?  Who wrote On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres? What is its significance?  Who wrote Principia? What is its significance?  Who postulated the theory of inertia? What did it state?  What are the significant causes of the scientific revolution?  What are the significant consequences of the scientific revolution?