1. The Dutch Republic  Political Independence Each of the seven provinces was politically independent Did not have an absolute ruler Political power was held by wealthy merchants

2. The Dutch Republic  Religious toleration Calvinism was the dominate religion Catholics, Jews, Lutherans and Anabaptists enjoyed religious freedom Such toleration helped to create a cosmopolitan society and increased commerce

3. The Dutch Republic  Economic prosperity Became the leading commercial power during most of the 17 th century. Amsterdam would be Europe's financial center until the French revo. Shipbuilding was econ. Leader, Dutch fleet was 10,000 strong! Trade shifted to Atlantic from Med. And the Dutch replaced the Italians as bankers. Amsterdam Exchange Bank was safest and soundest. Dutch East Indies co. took over trade routes

4. The Dutch Republic  Artistic creativity Very different because of strong protestant influence and no absolute ruler Commissions came from wealthy leaders who wanted portraits of themselves and possessions. Focused on individuals, groups, landscapes and everyday scenes. Artists: Fran Hals, Rembrandt, Jan Vermeer  Enjoyed a golden age of art.  Discuss science

5. The Dutch Republic  Economic decline Costly wars with France and England As a result of the decline France and England advanced.  Test Tip: The Dutch show up. Amsterdam as financial power house for Europe. Be familiar with characteristics of art

6. Louis XIV, The Sun King  Divine Right of Kings Bishop Bossuet – a prominent churchman, orator and principle theorist on the doctrine of absolutism He argued all power comes from God and the King gets his power and authority from God Royal power was absolute- Gods representative on earth. King must follow Gods laws.

7. Louis XIV, The Sun King  I am the state Louis XIV was the most powerful in French history. Did not share his power with parliament. Increased power of intendants, no chief minister. Continued Richelieu’s policies of reducing French nobility. Appointed men from bourgeoisie. Married Charles II (spain) sister. His reign lasted 72 years. 1661-1715

8. Louis XIV, The Sun King  The Versailles Palace Louis determined foreign policy, lead the army, supported the arts. As Sun King all aspects of French political and cultural life revolved around him. Used art as propaganda to promote image. Versailles was a symbol of absolute power and greatness French art, philosophy, architecture and fashion were copied throughout the continent

9. Louis XIV, The Sun King  Colbert and Mercantilism Jean-Baptise Colbert was controller of finances. Strengthened economy through mercantilism Abolished tariffs on domestic goods, raised tariffs on imports Utilized the colonies as a source of raw materials. Encouraged people to emigrate to Canada Raised royal revenues and economic growth, however, the Nobility remained above the law will peasants paid the bills.

10. Louis XIV, The Sun King  Revocation of the Edict of Nantes Huguenots continued to enjoy religious toleration in France. Louis’s goal of 1 King, 1 law, 1 Faith resulted in revoking the Edict of Nantes 1685. Closed protestant churches and forced children to be re-baptised France lost many skilled workers who fled persecution. Went to England, Dutch, Protestant German states, new world

11. Louis XIV, The Sun King  Wars of Louis XIV France was the most powerful nation in Europe Two goals  Expand to its natural frontiers, Rhine River and Switzerland  Make France a Global power by inheriting the Spanish Habsburg possessions in the New world

12. Louis XIV, The Sun King  Balance of Power With a powerful army and ambitious plans to create a “universal monarchy” Alone, no European nation could stand against France, however, by joining together weaker countries could equal or exceed French power. This is called the Balance of Power. No one country could dominate another Louis tried repeatedly to invade the Netherlands, but was repelled by the balance of powers. Opposed by William of Orange III

13. Louis XIV, The Sun King  The War of Spanish Succession After Charles II died, the throne was given to Louis’s grandson Philip of Anjou Nations feared Louis could now create his Universal Empire, lead by England a grand alliance was formed, Holland, Austria, Brandenburg, and the Italian duchy of Savoy. War proved to be costly and left france battered and weakened. Huge debts would take it toll lter during the French revolution

14. Louis XIV, The Sun King  Treaty of Utrecht 1713 Created a balance of power that lasted for 30 years French gains  Philip V was allowed to remain king of Spain  France kept all of Alsace

15.  English gains Spanish naval bases at Gibraltar The asiento (slave trade) from Spain Valuable French colonies in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland Austrian gains  Spanish Netherlands, Belguim Austrian Netherlands  Naples, Milan, and Sardinia

16.  The Duke of Savoy Received Sicily and title of King 1720 Savoy ceded Sicily to Austria for Sardinia Elector of Brandenburg  Was recognized as King of Prussia (opens a mall)