1. State-building, expansion and conflict
Political structures and forms of governance
Empires
Nations and nationalism
Revolts and revolutions
Regional, transregional, and global structures and organizations

2. Features at the Beginning of Period 1
no organized political units, cities, or states
largest community of humans were H-G bands, people

3. Key Continuities
unequal treatment favored elites
rulers/elites often claimed divinity or divine support (Egypt, China)
Key Changes
codification of laws (Hammurabi, Manu)
Dynastic system emerges
Core civilizations developed where agriculture flourished:
1st states emerged within core civilizations: replaced city-states, kept power by maintaining strong military, Early empires emerge: Sargon the Great, Hammurabi

4. Characteristics at the End of Period 2
Empires & Civs: Sumeria, Akkadia, Egypt, Nubia, Olmec, Shang, Zhou, Bantus, Greece, Maurya
Reasons for the continuities or changes
increase in pop →need to organize, control, & coordinate populations
Needed to organize and oversee the fabrication of roads, irrigation projects, public buildings, etc. and to regulate commerce (through the establishment of laws, courts, and a system of punishment.
Needed to protect citizens from invasions and to organize attacks on rival civilizations
the early civilizations, the inhabitants required large public works projects beyond the scope of private citizens. As a result, governments formed to organize and oversee the fabrication of roads, irrigation projects, public buildings, etc. and to regulate commerce (through the establishment of laws, courts, and a system of punishment. Moreover, governments functioned to protect citizens from invasions and to organize attacks on rival civilizations. Governments also collected taxes from the city dwellers

5. Domestication of Plants and Animals
Farming
Population
Intensification
Surplus Food
Specialization
Complex Society,
also known as
CIVILIZATION
1,000 years ago
Today
Big Eras 4-9
Big Era 2
10,000 years ago
Big Era 3

6. Complex belief systems
That translates into:
Farmers
Herders
Cities
Central governments
Armies
Monumental buildings
Written language
Social hierarchies
Complex belief systems
In 10,000 BCE none of these existed in the world. By 1,000 BCE they all did.

7. Key Concept 1.3: Core Civilizations
The Development and Interactions of Early Agricultural, Pastoral and Urban Societies.

8. CORE/FOUNDATIONAL RIVER CIVILIZATIONS

9. Core and foundational civilizations developed in a variety of geographical and environmental settings where agriculture flourished.
Mesopotamia in the Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys
Egypt in the Nile River Valley
Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa in the Indus River Valley
Shang in the Yellow River or Huang He Valley
Olmecs in Mesoamerica
Chavín in Andean South America

10. Mesopotamia in the Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys (c
Mesopotamia in the Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys (c.4000 BCE-2330 BCE)

11. Egypt in the Nile River Valley (c.3100 BCE-1070 BCE)

12. Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa in the Indus River Valley (c
Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa in the Indus River Valley (c.3000 BCE-1500 BCE)

13. Shang in the Yellow River or Huang He Valley (c.1750 BCE-1122 BCE)

14. Olmecs in Mesoamerica (c.1200 BCE-400 BCE)

15. Chavín in Andean South America (c.900 BCE-200 BCE)

16. The first states emerged within core civilizations.
Power new states replaced city-states as main political unit.
Rulers were viewed as divine.
Kept power by maintaining a strong military.
Competition between city-states and nomads lead to an increase in conflict!

17. Examples of early empires.
Sargon the Great: Built first empire c BCE.
Hammurabi: King of Babylon c.1792 BCE
*** Towards the end of this period, you have several more fierce empires such as, the Assyrians and Persians c. 6th and 7th Century BCE.
*** Why so much conflict in this region (Mesopotamia)?

18. Read The Assyrian Military Machine p.30
What did Assyrian kings believe was important for military success?
Do you think their accounts may be exaggerated? Why?

19. POLITICAL AND MILITARY STRUCTURE
Pastoralists (nomadic herders) interact quite often with “urban societies”
2 examples would be through new weapons and modes of transportation.
Examples: Iron weapons and chariots
What would the effect be on “settled societies”?

20. Systems of Record Keeping
Eventually would branch out to include other forms of “writing”.
Examples:
- cuneiform – Mesopotamia
- hieroglyphs – Egypt
- alphabets – Phoenicia
- quipu – the Inca

21. Legal Codes
States would eventually use writing to develop legal codes.
Often reflected existing hierarchies and helped the government rule over the people.

22. The Code of Hammurabi
Read the Code of Hammurabi excerpt on p. 13 in the Duiker book.
What do these points of law from the Code of Hammurabi reveal to you about Mesopotamian society?

23. With the development of farming and cities, political organization became much more complex.
Why?

24. Egypt and the Shang in China were highly centralized
Egypt and the Shang in China were highly centralized. They developed bureaucracies, dynasties, and used religion to justify the position of the rulers.

25. Features at the Beginning of Period 2
Empires & Civilizations: Olmec, Egypt, Zhou, Greece, Bantus, Maurya Assyrians, Persians Competition between city-states and nomadic herders lead to increased conflict

26. Key Continuities Key Changes rulers often claimed divinity / support
military threats from “outsiders”
Key Changes
# & size of states grew dramatically
administrative techniques (bureaucracies, legal systems, diplomacy)

27. Characteristics at the End of Period 2
Empires: Large, Regional in Size (Byzantium, Gupta, Han, Maya, Nazca, Persia, Rome, Toltec)
established administrative bureaucracies, large public works projects, legal codes, currency
Reasons for the continuities or changes
the early civilizations, the inhabitants required large public works projects beyond the scope of private citizens. As a result, governments formed to organize and oversee the fabrication of roads, irrigation projects, public buildings, etc. and to regulate commerce (through the establishment of laws, courts, and a system of punishment. Moreover, governments functioned to protect citizens from invasions and to organize attacks on rival civilizations. Governments also collected taxes from the city dwellers
empires grew beyond their ability to administer
tech of the day limited imperial administration, communication, control

28. Expanding Networks: Empires
Empires had formed in Afroeurasia as early as Period 1. Although many claimed vast territories, most did not survive for long.
In the 4th century BCE, Alexander the Great amassed an empire that stretched from Greece to India. Upon his death, however, the empire fragmented.
The later centuries of Big Era Four saw the rise of new empires that both dominated huge expanses of land and remained unified for a long time. The
Largest of these were the Han and Roman empires.

29. Large Empires of Afroeurasia
500 BCE CE
Rome
Kush
Parthian/
Xiongnu
Han
Kushana
Maurya/
Gupta
Byzantium
Sassanid
Axum

30. How did the classical empires accomplish this?
Classical empires were much more complex because they were so large.
They had to invent new ways to keep their land together.
How did the classical empires accomplish this?

31. Rome: At first a republic ruled by aristocrats w/ some
shared power with the Senate and 2 consuls usually selected from the military. Later, an empire with focus on
military conquest, colonization, and law codes.
The ideal was to use principle of the rule of law; not the
rule by the whim of the emperor.
China:
Mandate of Heaven, the emperor was the Sun of Heaven housed in the Forbidden City.
Yellow Turban Revolt

32. INDIA What causes regionalism?
Mauryan and Gupta gain power through the
military.
The greatest of the Mauryan kings
was? Why?

33. Africa is the anomaly Meanwhile, in Africa, the Bantu-based
societies and others developed
stateless societies which were
centralized.
decentralized.
How do you know?

34. Post-Classical World 600-1450
Theme
Basic Features at Beginning of Period
Key Continuities
Basic Features at End of Period
Reasons for Change or Continuities
Key changes
State-building, expansion and conflict
• Empires: Large, Regional in Size
(Maya, Byzantium, Umayyad, Gupta, Tang)
• established administrative bureaucracies
• traditional symbols & methods of power & legitimacy (temples, patriarchy)
• political diffusion (political ideas from one empire to another)
• privilege of elites over lower classes
• Regional and Trans- Regional Empires (Mongols, Delhi, Ottomans, Ming, Aztec)
• traditional & new administrative techniques
• larger empires →cult diffusion
• admin methods → larger empires
• new methods of managing empires: city- states (E Africa), sultanate
(Ottoman, Delhi)
• caliphate & caesaropapism combined political & religious authority

35. People migrated to new places in (and out) of Afroeurasia.
Population
Vikings
Mongols
Germanic Tribes
Turkic Groups
Chinese
Arabs
Bantu-Speaking People of Africa
People of Oceania
People migrated to new places in (and out) of Afroeurasia.

36. During Period 3, many, many states and empires came… and went.
Building states and empires involved cultural exchanges in Afroeurasia.

37. Empires
New ruling groups built on the foundations of earlier states and empires.

38. States and Empires in 600 CE
Sui China
Silla
Parhae
Yamoto Japan
Harsha’ Empire
Chalukya
Avar Kingdom
Frankish Kingdoms
Ghana
Axum
Sassanid Empire
Byzantine Empire
States and Empires in 600 CE

39. States and Empires in 800 CE
Ghana
Carolingian
Byzantine
Abbasid Caliphate
Axum
Gurjara-Pratihara
Tang China
Srivijaya
Parhae
Silla
Cordoba Caliphate
Heian Japan
States and Empires in 800 CE

40. States and Empires in 1237 CE
Scandanavian Kingdoms
Russia
England
Poland
H.R.E.
Mongol Empire
France
Spain
Hungary
Rum
Koryo
Portugal
Almohad Caliphate
Sung China
Kamakura Japan
Ayyubid Caliphate
Delhi Sultanate
Mali
Angkor
Ethiopia
Oyo
Benin
Zimbabwe
States and Empires in 1237 CE

41. States and Empires in 1400 CE
Union of Kalmar
Russian States
Scotland England
Poland-Lithuania
Khanate of the Golden Horde
Jagatai Khanate
Holy Roman Empire
France
Hungary
Portugal
Castile
Ottoman Emp.
Korea
Timurid Empire
Ashikaga Japan
Granada
Ming China
Marinids Hafsids
Mamluk Sultanate
Mali
Ethiopia
Siam
Oyo Benin
Vijayanagara
Zanj City-States
Majapahit
Zimbabwe
States and Empires in 1400 CE

42. Empires
Wars led to destruction but produced new inventions.
Strong governments protected trade routes and stabilized currencies.
Royal courts were patrons of science, religious institutions, and arts.
Large states brought together many ethnic, language, and religious groups.
How did states and empires stimulate cultural exchanges in Afroeurasia?

43. Trade was also closely linked to cultural exchange.
Empires supported trade in Afroeurasia. Merchants traveled great distances in search of wealth.

44. The number of cities grew, as well as trade networks between them.

45. Trade
Microsoft®Encarta®Reference Library © Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
From CE, trade routes extended farther and were used by more travelers.

46. WEST AFRICA Ghana and Mali Became rich by taxing traders
Powerful military (see a pattern here?)
Mali first major leader Sundiata and later Mansa Musa

47. Islamic Empires
After Muhammad’s death, the government set up rule by a Caliph.
Abu Bakr was the first caliph supported by well-trained armies
Aided by the weaknesses of the Persian and Byzantine empires

48. Mongols Pastoral nomads which means they are a _________ ___________?
“Protect trade routes.” Sounds familiar doesn’t it?
Mongols
Organized into regional Khanates which were politically controlled by a relative
with one main ruler known as the Great Khan.

49. TANG AND SONG DYNASTIES
Equal–field system
Strong support for transportation and communication
Meritocracy
Religion played a role
Took tribute from their neighbors
Hegemony over neighbors
Expanded meritocracy
Didn’t emphasize the military as much so not as much hegemony
Trade, communication and transportation still important

50. YUAN Dynasty ruled by collecting tribute called
Tax Farming. This outsourcing of tax collection
led to corruption and rebellion and ultimately to
their downfall.

51. Who really had the power in Japan?
What do these names have in common?
Fujiwara, Minamoto, Tokugawa
The feudal system was less centralized than some areas, but more
powerful than a local government. Political values emphasized what?

52. European Feudalism established political and military relationships.

53. Eastern Europe Byzantium Justinian law codes the biggest legacy.
The ruler was absolute in power and controlled the
church as well.
Russia
Copied Justinian law codes and organized into a state
by the 10thc. in Kiev.

54. States and Empires in the Americas in 1500 CE
Mayan States
Aztec Empire
Inca Empire
Microsoft®Encarta®Reference Library © Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

55. THE AMERICAS Maya: city-states w/ no central govt.
Aztecs: central monarch in Tenochtitlan who didn’t have absolute power; a council of aristocrats made many decisions; no elaborate bureaucracy
Inca: highly powerful centralized govt. the Inca owned all of the land; elaborate bureaucracy; road system enforced Inca’s power; quipu kept records

56.
Power of nomads decreased because of sea trade’s rising importance.
Major maritime powers were?
Major Gunpowder Empires were?
THE GREAT GLOBAL CONVERGENCE

57. Basic Features at Beginning of Period Key Continuities
Theme
Basic Features at Beginning of Period
Key Continuities
Basic Features at End of Period
Reasons for Change or Continuities
Key changes
State-building, expansion and conflict (political structures & forms of governance, empires, nations & nationalism, revolts, revolution)
• Regional and Trans- Regional Empires (Mongols, Delhi, Ottomans, Ming, Aztec)
• traditional & new administrative techniques
• land-based empires (Ottoman, Ming/Qing, Sultanate of Delhi, Mughal, Russia)
• increased complexity & competition
• minorities used for econ profit
(pol rights)
• global economy → increased competition
• global size → gov’t complexity
(Samurai, Ming, scholar- bureaucrats, Ottoman devshirme)
• sea based empires (Portugal, Spain, Netherlands, Great Britain)
• European hegemony → Americas
(Asia)

58. Asian commercial and political voyages on the seas continued.
Indian Ocean trade routes attracted merchants as they had for centuries.
Zheng He, Admiral of the Ming fleet, made seven voyages around the Indian Ocean.
Malay ship:
Golden horn display: Or:
Ming ship:
Ottoman naval vessels patrolled the Mediterranean, the Black Sea, and the Indian Ocean.

59. Technologies from Afroeurasia led to new European ship designs in the 15th century.
Arab lateen sail
Chinese compass
Ship image: Library of Congress
Lateen sail:
Charta Rogriana world map, Islamic, anonymous,1154:
Exploration 40 © Kathleen Cohen 1998 xploration 40 © Kathleen Cohen 1998
Chinese sternpost rudder
Muslim portolan charts and maps

60. Slide 11
Vasco da Gama
1498
Columbus 1492
Magellan
1519
After 1415, European mariners made voyages across the seas toward east and west. By 1519, Spanish ships had circumnavigated the globe. Others set out in search of wealth and adventure.

61. Spanish conquistadors ended Aztec and Inca rule and claimed their lands in Mesoamerica and Andean South America.
Aztec Empire
Mayan
States
Inca Empire
In 1492, two major empires in the Americas, the Aztecs and the Inca, ruled many people.

62. Banking and law served new demands.
Trade & Manufacturing
Banking and law served new demands.
Accountants learned double-entry bookkeeping with “Arabic” numerals.
Commercial law protected private property and investments.
More efficient bureaucracies and taxation increased the power of the government’s purse.
European monarchs issued charters to colonize overseas.
Jurists experimented with civil and constitutional law.
Copyright-free woodcuts from Dover publications

63. Slide 30 Period 4 was the first age of global empires.
States & Empires
Period 4 was the first age of global empires.
Large bureaucratic states in Afroeurasia used gunpowder and artillery to expand trade and win territory in several parts of Afroeurasia.
Big cannon:

64. Slide 31
States & Empires
Gunpowder empires in Asia, Africa, and Europe honed skills in production of artillery and handguns.
Land and maritime empires battled over control of trade, resources, and territory.
Cannon trajectory:
See Ottoman also
Mughal knife:
Chinese gunners:
Persian, Indian, Turkish, Chinese, Japanese, and European artisans experimented with steel production for weapons.

65. Slide 32 States and Empires in 1519 CE States & Empires
Map by Robert Prom

66. Slide 33 States and Empires in 1600 CE States & Empires
Map by Robert Prom

67. Slide 34 States and Empires in 1714 CE States & Empires
Map by Robert Prom

68. Slide 35 States and Empires in 1804 CE States & Empires
Map by Robert Prom

69. Slide 36 Monarchs claimed absolute power. Louis XIV France 1643-1715
States & Empires
Louis XIV
France
Catherine the Great Russia
Elizabeth I
England
Philip II
Spain
Xizong Ming China
Shah Abbas
Persia
Jahangir
India
Süleyman Ottoman Empire
Miniature of Sultan Süleyman:

70. Slide 37
States & Empires
Challenges to absolutism came from new elites with ideas about human rights.
Louis XVI
Charles I
Charles I, beheaded in 1649
King George III
Rebellion in American Colonies 1776
French Revolution
1789

71. Summary: global convergence led to accelerating world change.
World trade volume increased dramatically and began to shift its center from Asia to the Atlantic region.
States increased their power with gunpowder conquests and new sources of mercantile wealth.
In Europe rising economic elites enjoyed growing wealth, which led them to challenge old landed aristocracies and monarchs.

72. The Ming defeat the Yuan.
Establish trade and bureaucracy again!
Send out trade expeditions to start collecting tribute again!
Afraid of another invasion from the North and West…again!
Begin to isolate themselves, because Confucian bureaucrats
were xenophobic.
Suffered from inept rulers who were isolated from the empire in the
Forbidden City….again!
Invaded by outsiders…again!
Manchu take the name Qing…used Mandate of Heaven to justify…
again!

73. WESTERN EUROPE
The pope remained politically powerful. Treaty of Tordesillas!
Kings begin to shake off feudalism and become more centralized by
taking on absolutism.
In Spain and Portugal they support exploration. Name those kings!
Later, so do France and England.

74. Magna Carta 1215 listed the rights of the nobility and created Parliament.
King Henry VIII Church and takes over the monasteries separates from the Catholic church.
Elizabeth I defeats the Spanish Armada.
England
After the English Civil War the power of the king is
limited by the….of 1688
It greatly limited the power of the king AND allowed
wealthier merchants to participate in the government

75. FRANCE Louis XIV said, “L’stat c’est moi!” I AM THE STATE! Absolutely!
Kings were not gods, but they were
His lieutenants on earth.
He greatly weakened the power of the
nobles and the feudal system.
FRANCE

76. Absolutists Russia and Peter the Great Wanted to westernize
Reformed military and created the navy
Reorganized bureaucracy/took titles away from nobles
Ottoman Empire under Suleyman the Magnificent (sultan)
Used captured Christian boys as skilled soldiers and bureaucrats-Janissaries
Grand Vizier

77. Colonies in the New World
Spain and Portugal
Developed large bureaucracies in urban areas
Brought concepts of feudalism and absolutism with them
English colonies had no bureaucracies
Colonists et up their own structures like representative bodies and ran their own affairs…salutary neglect