1. DBCP Workshop October 2006 ARGOS-4 CNES ARGOS SYSTEM PRESENTATION - CNES Responses to CLS User survey Synthesis of NOAA User consultation Anticipated Argos-4 needs ARGOS-3 : * System Heritage * Commissioning ARGOS-4 System : Preliminary Overview

2. DBCP Workshop October 2006 ARGOS-4 CNES RESPONSES TO CLS USER SURVEY

3. DBCP Workshop October 2006 ARGOS-4 CNES SURVEY CONTEXT 1604 surveyed customers238 replies Replies per application

4. DBCP Workshop October 2006 ARGOS-4 CNES SURVEY CONTEXT Total: 1604Total: 238

5. DBCP Workshop October 2006 ARGOS-4 CNES USER SATISFACTION Biologists Meteo/Ocean Argos services Client support GLOBAL

6. DBCP Workshop October 2006 ARGOS-4 CNES USERS COMMENTS  “ Reliability of system for data retrieval and quick response of local office to program needs. ” wildlife -US  “ Stability of the system over many years ” Ocean - US  « VERY STABLE AND RELIABLE » Ocean, Wildlife US  “ Reliable, service oriented and professional. What’s New”, Wildlife, Canada  “ Simplicit é et robustesse du syst è me. Qualit é des conseils techniques syst è me Simplicit é et robustesse du syst è me. Qualit é des conseils techniques” France syst è me », Balloons, France  “ Reliability/dependability Familiarity/stable over a long period of time Global coverage & Goals”, Ocean -Australia

7. DBCP Workshop October 2006 ARGOS-4 CNES ARGOS SERVICE APPRECIATION

8. DBCP Workshop October 2006 ARGOS-4 CNES ARGOS SUPPORT SERVICE

9. DBCP Workshop October 2006 ARGOS-4 CNES ARGOS SYSTEM METEO / OCEAN (1/2) Global Main users

10. DBCP Workshop October 2006 ARGOS-4 CNES ARGOS SYSTEM METEO / OCEAN (2/2) Capability to collect low power signals Number of Argos Doppler locations Argos location accuracy

11. DBCP Workshop October 2006 ARGOS-4 CNES # SATELLITES – TIME RESPONSE WEAKNESSES AS SEEN BY USERS  “ Very poor data throughput near the equator … More satellite passes near the Equator ” Hydrology - US  “ Improve coverage at low latitudes ”, Wildlife, US  “ Hourly time response ”, DBCP Workshop, Int ’ l  “ The satellites are not giving data at all around East of Catalonia (Spain), North of Italy and South-East of France ”, Wildlife, Spain  “ Keep adding satellites ”, Wildlife, US

12. DBCP Workshop October 2006 ARGOS-4 CNES DATA VOLUME WEAKNESSES AS SEEN BY USERS  “ Limitation data capacity ” Ocean. - Japan  “ Basic scheme of this system is out of date. It means "narrow band". Drastic system innovation necessary. Broad band!! ” Ocean. Japan  “ Limitation data capacity ” Ocean – US  “ Slowness of data transmission is an obstacle. ” Ocean., Canada  “ d é bit de donn é es trop faible », Meteo. France  “ Low data uplink rate ”, Ocean. Germany

13. DBCP Workshop October 2006 ARGOS-4 CNES ARGOS SYSTEM ENHANCEMENTS

14. DBCP Workshop October 2006 ARGOS-4 CNES ARGOS SYSTEM BIOLOGISTS (1/2)

15. DBCP Workshop October 2006 ARGOS-4 CNES ARGOS SYSTEM BIOLOGISTS (2/2) Capability to collect low power signals Number of Argos Doppler locations Argos location accuracy

16. DBCP Workshop October 2006 ARGOS-4 CNES LOCATION PERFORMANCE WEAKNESSES AS SEEN BY USERS  “ Highly sensitive to coverage and satellite availability.. Barely 1/3 of our location points were considered within 2km accuracy ” Wildlife, US- South Africa  “ Lack of information about A, B location classes “ Wildlife US  “ Location quality is an issue. Although the use of Doppler is brilliant, the method still has errors that can be significant. ” US Wildlife  “ Low percentage of LC3 and LC2 of positions determined by doppler ”, Wililfe Australia  “ The main weakness seems to be inherent in the system itself, where the use of doppler frequency technique is not capable of accurately calculating the positions of weak transmitters. ” Wildlife, Norway

17. DBCP Workshop October 2006 ARGOS-4 CNES ARGOS SYSTEM APPRECIATION

18. DBCP Workshop October 2006 ARGOS-4 CNES USER OF ARGOS SINCE

19. DBCP Workshop October 2006 ARGOS-4 CNES SYNTHESIS OF NOAA USER CONSULTATION

20. DBCP Workshop October 2006 ARGOS-4 CNES QUESTIONNAIRE Distribution and Coverage  How many DCPs? Where? Timeliness  How often transmit/receive to each DCP?  Latency requirements?  Direct read-out? Link Reliability  Importance for transmit  Importance for receive Throughput  How much data on each transmit / receive? Geolocation  Use of Doppler geolocation  Use of GPS Portability  Antenna size?  Volume and mass? Future Tradeoffs Argos DCS study report was issued on december 7,2005 Questionnaire was issued to 33 people 20 responses received : – 5 ocean – 11 biologists – 4 DCP manufacturers

21. DBCP Workshop October 2006 ARGOS-4 CNES CONCLUSIONS Survey responses indicate that next-generation of Argos DCS should focus on –Improving DCP transmit performance: increased data volumes with reduced size, mass and power –Improve Doppler geolocation to < 150m with a target of <50m An order-of-magnitude improvement in data volumes and cost would make Argos DCS attractive to a new class of users Argos system is not adapted to applications generating large amount of data per hour

22. DBCP Workshop October 2006 ARGOS-4 CNES ANTICIPATED ARGOS-4 NEEDS

23. DBCP Workshop October 2006 ARGOS-4 CNES NUMBER OF ACTIVE PLATFORMS IN THE SYSTEM Average growth > 12% per year

24. DBCP Workshop October 2006 ARGOS-4 CNES NEED FOR ADDITIONAL CAPACITY Need for more than 15 Erlang capacity

25. DBCP Workshop October 2006 ARGOS-4 CNES LESS EXPENSIVE TRANSMITTERS

26. DBCP Workshop October 2006 ARGOS-4 CNES ARGOS USER NEEDS FOR ARGOS 4 COMPLIANT WITH ARGOS-3: able to process the ARGOS-3 platforms ONE-WAY AND TWO-WAY COMMUNICATION DCPs (Data Collection Platforms): -Low power drain : factor 2 -Low volume and mass : factor 2 -High power efficiency for transmitting : factor 2 -Low power consumption for receiving : constant for increased capacity INCREASE DCP DENSITY: -Doubled number of platforms among which 25% are @ 4800 bps -Increase data volume transmission per pass : up to 100 kb per pass IMPROVE LOCATION : 50 to 150 m BETTER TIME RESPONSE : Average < 30 min INCREASE DOWNLINK DATA VOLUME : > 1,2 kbps

27. DBCP Workshop October 2006 ARGOS-4 CNES ARGOS USER NEEDS FOR ARGOS 4 KEEP COMPATIBILITY WITH ARGOS-2 & ARGOS-3 PMTs INCREASE AUTONOMY & REDUCE SIZE -Tx power drain decrease: factor 2 -Rx power drain : constant for increased capacity -Size & weight decrease : factor 2 INCREASE DCP DENSITY: -Doubled number of platforms among which 25% are @ 4800 bps -Increase data volume transmission per pass : up to 100 kb per pass IMPROVE LOCATION : 50 to 150 m BETTER TIME RESPONSE : Average < 30 min INCREASE DOWNLINK DATA VOLUME : > 1,2 kbps

28. DBCP Workshop October 2006 ARGOS-4 CNES ARGOS-3

29. DBCP Workshop October 2006 ARGOS-4 CNES ARGOS-3 SYSTEM HERITAGE (1/4) 401-402 MHz: 110 kHz bandwidth centered on 401.635 MHz (30 kHz for high data rate platforms and 80 kHz for low data rate platforms) -Co-Primary status at the International Telecommunication Union -Favourable link budget -Small and cheap antenna: mainly whip antenna on platforms DCP -PTT (Platform Transmitter Terminal) oStandard DCP@ 400 bps (Argos-1 & 2 heritage) oNew Generation of DCP @ 400 bps available in 2007: 3 to 4 dB link budget improvement, going to reduce average power and power drain oHigh data volume DCP @ 4800 bps : up to 4608 useful bits per burst

30. DBCP Workshop October 2006 ARGOS-4 CNES ARGOS-3 SYSTEM HERITAGE (2/4) -PMT (Platform Message Transceiver): Two-way communications for standard DCP, New Generation DCP and High Data Volume DCP ELTA PMT/PTT First generation: Available now Second generation: Available in 2007 SEIMAC / MARTEC PMT

31. DBCP Workshop October 2006 ARGOS-4 CNES ARGOS-3 SYSTEM HERITAGE (3/4) LEO ORBITS -Global coverage (including polar areas) AUTONOMOUS GEOLOCATION -On ground Doppler location : 300 to 400 m SIMPLE MULTI-USER ACCESS (as ARGOS-1 and 2) -Frequency / Time Random Access (no communication protocol) -Robust and simple to operate IMPROVED SENSITIVITY w.r.t ARGOS-2 (from -131dBm to -137dBm)

32. DBCP Workshop October 2006 ARGOS-4 CNES ARGOS-3 SYSTEM HERITAGE (4/4) DOWNLINK @ 400 bps usage (466 MHz) -UTC Time, satellite ephemeris and constellation status broadcasting  increase platform lifetime & optimise platform transmission profile -Interactive Data Collection :  secure data collection by acknowledgment for all kind of platforms, potentially increase data volume per pass -Download specific information define by the user to its DCP -Download DCP Configuration : frequency emission, repetition period, transmitting power, DCP reset, …

33. DBCP Workshop October 2006 ARGOS-4 CNES ARGOS-3 COMMISSIONING Instrument switching on 8 days after the METOP-A launch (October 2006) Commissioning over 3 to 4 months Development of PMT prototypes for dedicated applications in different constraint environments: -Important traffic density : fishing DCP in tropical zone -Data Volume transmission per pass : drifting buoys, sub-surface buoys, … -High sensibility DCP (PTT & PMT): animal tracking, improve lifetime with the new generation of DCP @ 400 bps -Based on the feedback of the commissioning, optimisation of the downlink use and evaluation of the global capacity in the system will be performed

34. DBCP Workshop October 2006 ARGOS-4 CNES SATELLITE TRANSITION SCHEDULE

35. DBCP Workshop October 2006 ARGOS-4 CNES ARGOS-4 SYSTEM: PRELIMINARY OVERVIEW (1/10) Average time response (min) Maximum Hole per day (hours*) 552.5 < MH < 4.7 662.9 <MH <3.7 BASIC SYSTEM CONSTELLATION -Reference constellation: NOAA-K, L, M & N -NPOESS-C1, C2 and METOP (3 main guaranteed orbits) * at equator

36. DBCP Workshop October 2006 ARGOS-4 CNES ARGOS-4 SYSTEM: PRELIMINARY OVERVIEW (2/10) Average time response (min) Maximum Hole per day (hours) 552.5 < MH < 4.7 662.9 <MH <3.7 IMPROVEMENT IDEAS -Satellite orbit control -NPOESS-C1, C2 and METOP + 1 equatorial orbit satellite * at equator Average time response (min) Maximum Hole per day (hours*) 552.5 < MH < 4.7 662.9 <MH <3.7 301.6 < MH < 1.7

37. DBCP Workshop October 2006 ARGOS-4 CNES ARGOS-4 SYSTEM: PRELIMINARY OVERVIEW (3/10) Average time response (min) Maximum Hole per day (hours * ) 552.5 < MH < 4.7 662.9 <MH <3.7 301.6 < MH < 1.7 140.7 < MH < 0.8 IMPROVEMENT IDEAS -Satellite orbit control -NPOESS-C1, C2 and METOP + 2 equatorial orbit satellites * at equator

38. DBCP Workshop October 2006 ARGOS-4 CNES Data throughput STD + NG/400 bps: low power Tx HD/4800 bps: 10 msgs - 50 kbits per pass Tx power: 5 W Capacity: 12 processing units (3 HD) 110 kHz frequency bandwidth Two-way link (400 bps) ARGOS 3 ARGOS 4 Data throughput STD + NG/400 bps: low power Tx HD/4800 bps: 30 msgs -140 kbits per pass Tx power: 3 W Capacity: 40 processing units (10 HD) 400 kHz frequency bandwidth (TBC) Processor speed x 30 Two-way link (3 x 400 bps TBC) ARGOS-4 SYSTEM: PRELIMINARY OVERVIEW

39. DBCP Workshop October 2006 ARGOS-4 CNES ARGOS-4 SYSTEM: PRELIMINARY OVERVIEW DCP: -ARGOS-3 DCP remain compatible with the system -New Generation of High Data volume DCP @ 4800 bps: simple turbo code scheme based on the existing HD DCP MORE CAPACITY -New Radhard processor up to 840 Mflops w.r.t ARGOS-3 @ 25 Mflops -Extended bandwidth from 110 kHz to 400 kHz (TBC): subject to filing submission DOWNLINK -ARGOS-3 PMT receivers remain compatible with the system -Reinforce downlink data rate (consistently with the uplink capacity) through a factor 3 on satellite emitted power over an extended bandwidth

40. DBCP Workshop October 2006 ARGOS-4 CNES ARGOS-4 SYSTEM: PRELIMINARY OVERVIEW DCP: -3 dB gain for the New Generation of High Data volume DCP @ 4800 bps, going to reduce average power and power drain -Due to the extended bandwidth it is expected to allocate a specific band for low power applications (animal tracking, …) → better Doppler Geolocation IMPROVEMENT OF THE CAPACITY -More High Data volume DCPs in the system -Better platform processing by using multi-user techniques -More processing units: 30 low data rate units and 10 high data rate units -Dynamic carrier frequency attribution through the downlink (PMT frequency management) DOWNLINK -Improving the data bit rate: 3 times more than ARGOS-3 PMT (TBC) for the same characteristics and complexity at PMT level

41. DBCP Workshop October 2006 ARGOS-4 CNES ARGOS-4 SYSTEM: PRELIMINARY OVERVIEW (6/10) With Argos-2 msg 1 msg 2 Argos-2 platform Message 1 and message 2 are alternately repeated within the pass (no ACK)  500 bits max are transmitted per pass Repetition period is fixed (~100 seconds) Data collection : only 2 transmitted bursts are useful  limitation of the capacity

42. DBCP Workshop October 2006 ARGOS-4 CNES ARGOS-4 SYSTEM: PRELIMINARY OVERVIEW (7/10) msg 1 msg 3 msg 4 msg 6 msg 2 msg 4 msg 5 Argos-3 platform Repetition period is fixed (~100 seconds in nominal, 30 seconds minimal ) Data collection : all transmitted bursts are useful  capacity is highly enhanced In this example, 6 messages are transmitted during the pass with ACK  27 kbits (HD) or 1.5 kbits (STD) have been transmitted With Argos-3

43. DBCP Workshop October 2006 ARGOS-4 CNES ARGOS-4 SYSTEM: PRELIMINARY OVERVIEW (8/10) msg 1 msg 3 msg 5 msg 7 msg 12 msg 2 msg 4 msg 6 msg 10 Argos-3 or Argos-4 platform Idem Argos-3……… but Uplink Capacity of system highly enhanced x 10 In this example, 12 messages are transmitted during the pass with ACK due to the higher available capacity  55 kbits (HD) or 3 kbits (STD) have been transmitted Repetition period is reduced (up to 10 seconds) and…. Number of HD platforms x 10 msg 7 msg 8 msg 9 msg 11 With Argos-4

44. DBCP Workshop October 2006 ARGOS-4 CNES ARGOS-4 SYSTEM: PRELIMINARY OVERVIEW Data Rate (bps) Argos-2 STD Argos-3 HD 400 4800 256 bits x 2 = 0.5 kbit (NO ACK) 4608 bits x 12 = 55 kbits (ACK) 2 useful bursts per pass * 11 useful bursts per pass * * for a repetition period = 50 seconds ** for a repetition period = 20 seconds Argos-3 BD Argos-4 HD 30 useful bursts per pass ** 4608 bits x 30 = 135 kbits (ACK) 256 bits x 12 = 3 kbits (ACK) and….Number of HD Platforms x 10 MAXIMUM DATA AMOUNT PER PASS (10 min)

45. DBCP Workshop October 2006 ARGOS-4 CNES ARGOS-4 SYSTEM: PRELIMINARY OVERVIEW ARGOS-4 PLANNING (TBC): -System study until spring of 2007 -Phase A study: until end of 2007 -Phase B: beginning of 2008 -First Flight Model provided in 2011