1. Please pull out study guide and a piece of paper to take notes.
12/15/14
PM Review
Please pull out study guide and a piece of paper to take notes.

2. Finals
100 ?’s scan tron
85 minutes to take test

3. Earth Science Review Concepts
Layers of Earth
Convection
Plates
Minerals
Rocks
Earthquakes
Relative Dating
Science basics

4. 5.1 Earth’s Interior
What are the characteristics of Earth’s crust, mantle, and core?

5. 5.1 Earth’s Interior
2. What is the composition of each layer of the Earth Crust = solid rock on land and ocean floor Mantle = very hot, solid rock Core = Iron & Nickel

6. 5.2 Convection and the Mantle
How is heat transferred?
Through convection currents

7. 5.2 Convection and the Mantle
2. What causes convection currents and relation to density? Hot rises, cool sinks

8. 5.2 Convection and the Mantle
3. What causes convection currents in the mantle? 4. How do convection currents relate to plate tectonics?

10. 5.5 The Theory of Plate Tectonics
What is plate tectonics?
The theory that pieces of Earth’s lithosphere are in constant motion, driven by convection currents and oceanic crust

11. 5.5 The Theory of Plate Tectonics
2. What evidence supports the theory?
Rock formations
Physical evidence on crust
Earthquakes/volcanoes
Fossils
Magnetic strips

12. 5.5 The Theory of Plate Tectonics
3. What causes the movement of Earth’s lithospheric plates? Convection currents  plates to move

13. 5.5 The Theory of Plate Tectonics
4. What forms as a result of movement of plates at each boundary? Divergent = rift valley, mid ocean ridge (sea floor spreading) Convergent = subduction - trench; colliding -mountains

15. 5.5 The Theory of Plate Tectonics
5. What processes are involved in the movement of the Earth’s plates that causes volcanoes and earthquakes? Volcanoes = boundaries of plates subduction zones divergent areas hot spots

16. 5.5 The Theory of Plate Tectonics
5. What processes are involved in the movement of the Earth’s plates that causes volcanoes and earthquakes? Earthquakes = stress from plates convergent transform

17. 5.5 The Theory of Plate Tectonics
6. What is subduction? How does a trench form?

18. 3.1 Properties of Minerals
What is a mineral
SNIFC
Solid
Naturally Occurring (not man made)
Inorganic (non living)
Formula (consistent chemical formula – not a rock)
Crystal structure

19. 3.1 Properties of Minerals

20. Color
Easy to observe
Not always a clear way to identify

21. Streak Streak: the color of its powder
Colors of minerals may vary but streak does not

22. Luster Luster: how much light is reflected from a mineral’s surface
Metallic - Galena
Glassy - Topaz
Waxy, greasy, or pearly - Talc
Submetallic/dull - graphite
Silky - Malachite
Earthy - Hematite

23. Density Density: how much mass there is in a given space
D = m/v or water displacement

24. Hardness Hardness: determined by a scratch test
A mineral can scratch any material softer than itself
But can be scratched by any mineral that is harder
Mohs hardness scale

25. Mohs Hardness Scale

26. Crystal Systems
Crystal system: the structure of how the mineral’s atoms form
Ex: cubic, hexagonal, rhombic

27. Cleavage
Cleavage: when a mineral splits along a flat surface
Ex: Mica

28. Fracture
Fracture: when a mineral breaks apart in an irregular way

29. Special Properties
Some minerals are identified by special physical/chemical properties.

30. Review Color Streak Luster Density Hardness Crystal system Cleavage
Usually not a clear identifier
Does not break in a flat sheet
Calcite’s powder is always white
Fluorescent
Breaks in flat sheets
Shiny mineral
Cubic shape
Compares how it is scratched/scratches
How much mass takes up a certain volume
Color
Streak
Luster
Density
Hardness
Crystal system
Cleavage
Fracture
Special properties
Answers: A 2. C 3. F 4. I 5. H 6. G 7. E 8. B 9. D

31. 3.1 Properties of Minerals
4. Be able to read a chart and determine the identity of a mineral.

33. 4.1 Classifying Rocks How are rocks identified? How they’re formed
Composition
Texture

34. 4.1 Classifying Rocks 2. What are the 3 main groups of rocks? Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic

35. 4.2 Igneous Rocks
1. How are they formed Magma cooling and hardening

36. 4.2 Igneous Rocks
4. How does the rate of cooling affect the texture? Intrusive vs. Extrusive Intrusive = cooled slowly inside the earth (larger crystals) Extrusive = cooled rapidly outside the earth (small crystals, air pockets

37. 4.2 Igneous Rocks 2. Characteristics Large visible crystals Glasslike
Holes from air bubbles while cooling

38. Igneous Rocks Coarse-Grained Fine-Grained Felsic Granite Rhyolite
Mafic
Gabbro
Basalt

39. 4.3 Sedimentary Rocks How do they form
Sediment = weathering and erosion 
Deposition  Compaction & cementation

41. 4.3 Sedimentary Rocks 2. Characteristics:
Appearance of sand, pebbles, rocks cemented together
Layers (usually only noticed in large specimen)
Appearance of fossils

42. 4.5 Metamorphic Rocks How are metamorphic rock formed?
Heat and pressure

43. 4.5 Metamorphic Rocks
2. Where does the heat and pressure come from? Deep inside the earth (magma)

44. 4.5 Metamorphic Rocks 3. Characteristics:
Ribbon-like lines, in thin parallel or wavy lines
TINY crystals that line up in the same direction
Very hard, usually can scratch metal

45. 4.6 The Rock Cycle What is the rock cycle?
What are the possible stages in the rock cycle?
Processes that occur when a rock changes

47. 4.6 The Rock Cycle
What are some of the causes for weathering and erosion
Breaks down rocks into little pieces =
WEATHERING
Moves the sediment =
EROSION

48. Mechanical Weathering (FRAPA)
Erosion
Mechanical Weathering (FRAPA)
Freezing & Thawing
Release of pressure
Animal Actions
Plant Growth
Abrasion
Chemical Weathering (LOWCA)
Living Organisms
Oxygen
Water
Carbon Dioxide
Acid Rain
Examples F R A P A L O W C A

51. Erosion  moves rock particles
Sediment = rock particles
Deposition = when sediment is laid down/deposited from erosion
Examples: WWGM – “What would G-ma make?”
Wind 
Water (runoff, rivers, waves)
Glaciers
Mass Movement
(landslides, mudflows, slumps and creeps)

52. 5.2 Earthquakes & Seismic Waves
What causes an earthquake?
Stress built up from plates moving

53. 6.2 Earthquakes & Seismic Waves
2. How does the energy of an earthquake travel through Earth? Seismic Waves P S Surface

54. 6.2 Earthquakes & Seismic Waves
3. What are the scales used to measure the strength of an earthquake? Richter – size of seismic waves Mercalli - damage Moment Magnitude – magnitude of energy (#)

55. 6.2 Earthquakes & Seismic Waves
4. How do scientists locate the epicenter of an earthquake?

58. 7.1 Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics
Where are most of Earth’s volcanoes found
Along the edges of plate boundaries
divergent
subduction zones

60. 10.1 Fossils What is a fossil?
Fossil = preserved remain or trace of a living thing

61. 10.1 Fossils
2. How does a fossil form? Most fossil form when living things die and are buried by sediments Sediment slowly hardens into rock and preserves the shape of the organisms

62. 10.2 Relative Dating
Relative Age = when a rock is compared to the ages of other rocks/fossils

63. 10.2 Relative Dating
Given a certain cross section of rock, indicate which layers were deposited first to last
Oldest usually on bottom,
Youngest on top

67. 10.2 Predict the environment
E – Shale (shark) B – Sandstone (tracks) I – Shale (shark fossils) F – shale (fish) G - Fault C - Magma A - Conglomerate H – Shale (shark) D – Metamorphic

68. 10.2 Environment… Intrusive Igneous: Extrusive Igneous:
Green Shale (sed):
Red Shale (sed):
Sandstone:
Limestone:
Conglomerate:
Wavy rocks (met):
Coal:
Magma inside cooling, crystals
Lava cooling outside
Murky, muddy sea
Plains with streams
Desert
Clear water sea
Flood, mudslide, landslide
Plates colliding
Forest with lots of plants

69. 10.2 Fossils Intrusive Igneous: Extrusive Igneous: Green Shale (sed):
Red Shale (sed):
Sandstone:
Limestone:
Conglomerate:
Wavy rocks (met):
Coal:
NONE
NONE
Trilobites, Brachiopods, Crinoids
Reptiles & Insects
Tracks
Fish, Sharks, Sponges
Rocks, pebbles, boulders
NONE
NONE

70. 10.2 Predict the environment
E – Shale (shark) B – Sandstone (tracks) I – Shale (shark fossils) F – shale (fish) G - Fault C - Magma A - Conglomerate H – Shale (shark) D – Metamorphic

71. E – Deep Ocean B – Desert I – Deep Ocean F – River Bed G - Earthquake C - Extrusive A - Mudslide H – Deep Ocean D – Plates Colliding
E – Shale (shark)
B – Sandstone (tracks)
I – Shale (shark fossils)
F – shale (fish)
G - Fault
C - Magma
A - Conglomerate
H – Shale (shark)
D – Metamorphic

72. 1.1 What is science?
What is the difference between qualitative & quantitative?
Qualitative is descriptive
Ex: The block is blue
Quantitative is numerical
Ex: The block has a mass of 22 g.

73. Questions?