1. ENGG 6090 Topic Review1 How to reduce the power dissipation? Switching Activity Switched Capacitance Voltage Scaling

2. ENGG 6090 Topic Review2 Low-Power Design Through Voltage Scaling  Different from constant-field scaling (Full Scaling) –Full Scaling: power supply, as well as device dimension and doping density are scaled by the same factor. –Voltage Scaling: key device parameters and the load capacitances are constant.

3. ENGG 6090 Topic Review3  Influence of Voltage Scaling on Power and Delay – Dynamic power dissipation is reduced significantly. – Propagation delay time increase if all the other parameters are kept constant. Low-Power Design Through Voltage Scaling

4. ENGG 6090 Topic Review4 Can we compensate for the delay caused by reducing the supply voltage? Solution:Scale down the threshold voltage of the transistors ( V T ). – when scaled linearly, allow the circuit to produce the same speed-performance at a lower Vdd. exampleexample Positive Influence: – noise margin and subthreshold conduction. Negative Influence: Low-Power Design Through Voltage Scaling

5. ENGG 6090 Topic Review5 Solution: – Variable-Threshold CMOS Technique (VTCMOS) How to overcome the difficulties (leakage and high stand-by power dissipation) associated with the low –V T circuits? Low-Power Design Through Voltage Scaling – Multiple-Threshold CMOS Technique (MTCMOS)

6. ENGG 6090 Topic Review6  Variable-Threshold CMOS Technique (VTCMOS) Low-Power Design Through Voltage Scaling – Conventional CMOS logic circuit: substrate terminals are connected to Vdd or Vss. V T not influenced by the body effect. – VTCMOS logic circuit : V SB are variable and generated by a variable substrate bias control circuit.circuit.

7. ENGG 6090 Topic Review7  Requires twin-well or triple-well to apply different substrate bias voltage to different parts of the chip. Low-Power Design Through Voltage Scaling  Separated power pins may be required if the substrate bias voltage levels are not generated on-chip.  Drawbacks of VTCMOS technique

8. ENGG 6090 Topic Review8 – Low-V T transistors: design the logic gates where speed is essential.  Multiple-Threshold CMOS Technique Using two different types of transistors with two different threshold voltages in the circuit. Low-Power Design Through Voltage Scaling – Stand-by transistors (Sleep transistors) : isolate the logic gate in stand-by mode to prevent leakage dissipation.Sleep transistors

9. ENGG 6090 Topic Review9  Drawbacks of MTCMOS circuit design technique Solution: Using system-level architectural methods (pipelining and hardware replication ) to maintain the system performance (throughout) despite the voltage scaling. Low-Power Design Through Voltage Scaling  Fabricate two different V T transistors on the same chip  Sleep transistors increase the area and parasitic capacitance.  MTCMOS is easier to implement and use compared to the VTCMOS. What can we do if both MTCMOS and VTCMOS are infeasible due to the technological limitations?

10. ENGG 6090 Topic Review10 t CLK Input Output Register Logic Function F(input) Input6Input5Input4Input3Input2Input1 Input Output CLK Input5Input4Input3Input2Input1  Single Stage Structure Low-Power Design Through Voltage Scaling  Pipelining Technique

11. ENGG 6090 Topic Review11  N-Stage Pipeline Structure Register t CLK Input Output Register Stage N Stage1 … RegisterStage2 t CLK CLK … InputN+1InputNInputN+2Input3Input2Input1 Input Input2Input1Input3 Output … … Low-Power Design Through Voltage Scaling

12. ENGG 6090 Topic Review12 Theory: Low-Power Design Through Voltage Scaling – Drawback of Pipeline Technique –N-1 register arrays are introduced, area increase. – Increases the latency from one to N clock cycles. – Assuming all stages have approximately equal delays. – Maintaining the same function throughput as single stage. – This means the power supply voltage can be reduced to a value of V DD.new to effectively to slow down the circuit. – Then, the logic blocks between two successive registers can operate N-times slower.

13. ENGG 6090 Topic Review13 Low-Power Design Through Voltage Scaling … … … … … CLK Input2Input1InputN+1InputN Input CLK_1 CLK_2 T CLK_i = N x T CLK … … xxInput1x Output CLK_N  Parallel Processing Approach (Hardware Replication) MUX SELECT f CLK Output CLK_1 (f CLK /N ) Input Logic Function F(input_1) CLK_2 (f CLK /N ) Input Logic Function F(input_2) CLK_N (f CLK /N ) Input Logic Function F(input_N) …

14. ENGG 6090 Topic Review14 Low-Power Design Through Voltage Scaling Theory: – Drawback of Hardware Replication – Gated clock signals(NT CLK ) are used to load each register. – Each one of N inputs are loaded into a different register. – This means the power supply voltage can be reduced to a value of V DD.new to effectively slow down the circuit. – Time allowed to compute the function for each input vector is increased by a factor of N. – increased area and latency – input/output routing capacitance

15. ENGG 6090 Topic Review15  The Concept of Switching Activity a T (switching activity factor): effective number of power- consuming voltage transition experienced by the output capacitance per clock cycle. Depends on the circuit topology, logic style, and input signal statistics. Solution:Introduce two signal probabilities – P 1 :probability of having a logic “1” at the output. (P 1 =1-P 0 ) – P 0 : probability of having a logic “0” at the output. Estimation and Optimization of Switching Activity How to investigate the output transition probabilities for different types of logic gates?

16. ENGG 6090 Topic Review16 Estimation and Optimization of Switching Activity a static CMOS NOR2 – General case of a static CMOS logic gate with n input variables P 0  1 = P 0.P 1 = (n 0 /2 n ).(2 n -n 0 )/2 n n 0 : number of zeros in the output column of the truth table. Example: transition probability is a function of the number of inputs. Power-consuming transition probability is : Example: P 0  1 = P 0. P 1

17. ENGG 6090 Topic Review17 – In Multi-Level Logic Circuits Estimation and Optimization of Switching Activity – Distribution of input signal probabilities is not uniform. – Evaluation of switching activity becomes a complicated problem in large circuits. – Designer rely on CAD tools for correct estimation. – Output transition probability becomes a function of the input probability distributions.

18. ENGG 6090 Topic Review18 – Transition probability in dynamic CMOS logic circuit. – Power is consumed whenever the output value equals “0”.  Reduction of Switching Activity bubble sort Vs merge sort Estimation and Optimization of Switching Activity – power consumption of dynamic CMOS logic gates is typically larger than static CMOS gates under the same conditions. – Signal-value probability is always larger than transition probability. – Power consumption is determined by the signal-value probability and not by the transition probability – Algorithmic Optimization Example:

19. ENGG 6090 Topic Review19 – Architecture Optimization An important measure is based on delay balancing and the reduction of the glitches. (What is glitch, where does it come from?)(What is glitch, where does it come from?) Example: Chain Structure suffer glitching, more power dissipation. Estimation and Optimization of Switching Activity no glitch, less power dissipation, even smaller propagation delay. Tree Structure

20. ENGG 6090 Topic Review20 Power dissipation in the clock distribution network can be very significant. – Circuit-level Optimization An effective design technique is using gated clock signals. Recall: Example:Design an N-bit number comparator circuit using gated clock. The circuit compares the magnitudes of two unsigned N-bit binary number (A and B) and produces an output to indicate which one is larger. Estimation and Optimization of Switching Activity Conventional approach: All input bits are latched into two N- bit registers, and then applied to the comparator circuit. Two N-bit register arrays dissipate power in every clock cycle.

21. ENGG 6090 Topic Review21 Gated clock signals approach: Solution: Estimation and Optimization of Switching Activity 50% How much the overall switching power dissipation of the system can be reduced if the incoming binary numbers are randomly distributed?

22. ENGG 6090 Topic Review22 Welcome Shaw back!

23. ENGG 6090 Topic Review23 Low-Power Design Through Voltage Scaling Variation of the normalized propagation delay of a CMOS inverter, as a function of the power supply voltage V dd and the threshold voltage V T.V T

24. ENGG 6090 Topic Review24 V in V out 2V Substrate Bias Control Circuit V Tn = { V Tp = { V Bn = { 0 V in active mode0.2 V in active mode V Bp = { 2 V in active mode -0.2 V in active mode – Active mode: V Bn =Vss, V Bp =Vdd. Low power dissipation (low Vdd) and high switching speed (low V T ). -2 V in stand-by mode0.6 V in stand-by mode 4 V in stand-by mode -0.6 V in stand-by mode – Stand-by mode: lower V Bn, higher V Bp. V Tn and | V Tp | increase. Low-Power Design Through Voltage Scaling

25. ENGG 6090 Topic Review25 high-speed operation with low power consumption prevents subthreshold leakage in stand-by mode CMOS Logic with low V T V DD high- V T pMOS stand-by high- V T nMOS stand-by – Active mode: sleep transistors on, low V T logic gates operate with low switching power dissipation and small propagation delay. – Stand-by mode: sleep transistors off, conduction paths for any subthreshold leakage that may originate from the internal low-V T circuitry are cut off. Low-Power Design Through Voltage Scaling

26. ENGG 6090 Topic Review26 Estimation and Optimization of Switching Activity 0 1 3/4 * 1/4 = 3/16 1/4 * 1/4 = 1/16 3/4 * 3/4 = 9/16 3/4 * 1/4 = 3/16 If the two inputs are independent and uniformly distributed, then P 0 =3/4 P 1 =1/4 P 0  1 =P 0.P 1 = 3/16 The probability that a power-consuming transition occurs at the output node is

27. ENGG 6090 Topic Review27 Estimation and Optimization of Switching Activity 2345678 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 Number of Inputs Output Transition Probability Transition probability for NAND/NOR gate Transition probability for XOR/XNOR gate NAND/NOR: only one “0” or “1” at truth table. XOR/XNOR: equal number of “0” and “1” at truth table.

28. ENGG 6090 Topic Review28 Glitch – Primarily due to a mismatch or imbalance in the path lengths in the logic network. – Such a mismatch results in a mismatch of signal timing with respect to the primary inputs. – If all input signal of a gate change simultaneously, no glitch. – When glitch happens, a node exhibit multiple transitions in a single clock cycle before settling to the correct logic level. This contribute to the dynamic power dissipation.