1. Muscle Injuries SHMD 249 23/5/2013

2. Hard Tissue Injuri es Dislocation: Dislocation: displacement of a joint from its normal location. Occurs when a joint is overstressed, which makes the bones which meet at the joint disconnect. Usually causes joint capsule & ligaments to tear. Mechanism of injury: Mechanism of injury: – Very hard fall/tackle. Symptoms: Symptoms: – Joint will visibly look out of place. – Movement will be limited. – Intense pain. – Swelling. 2

3. 3 Elbow Dislocation Finger Dislocation Hip Dislocation Shoulder Dislocation

4. Hard Tissue Injuries Subluxation: Subluxation: when one or more bones of the spine (vertebra) moves out of position & creates pressure on, or irritates the spinal nerves. Thus some parts of the body may not function properly. Symptoms: Symptoms: Weakness Numbness Pain Tingling Mechanism of injury: Mechanism of injury: – Contact sports – Falls – Motor vehicle accidents – Occupational injuries 4

5. Hard Tissue Injuries Cartilage damage: Cartilage damage: normal synovial joint function requires a smooth-gliding cartilage surface on both ends of the bones. Cartilage acts to distribute force during repetitive pounding movements (running/jumping).  Cartilage has minimal ability to repair itself & needs treatment in order to minimize deterioration to joint surface. Injury Mechanism: Injury Mechanism:  Traumatic injury (often seen in athletes)  Degenerative processes (seen in older patients who have more brittle cartilage).  Most common mechanism of a traumatic meniscus tear occurs when the knee joint is bent and the knee is then twisted. 5

6. 6 Cartilage Damage Symptoms: Locking Localized pain swelling

7. Hard Tissue Injuries Fractures: Fractures: technical term for broken bone. Results from a bone being hit with enough force to make it break. There are 5 main types of fractures: 1.Transverse fracture: Result of direct blow/force applied at sideways angle to bone. 2.Spiral/oblique fracture: Occur as a result of a twisting movement being applied about the long axis of the bone. Example: foot held trapped by football boot studs while the leg twists around it. 7

8. Hard Tissue Injuries 3.Comminuted fracture: Splintering of the bone i.e. bone is broken into a number of pieces. Usually caused by direct trauma & takes longer to heal. 4.Stress fracture: Overuse Injury Occurs when muscles become fatigued and cannot absorb added shock. Eventually fatigued muscles transfer the overload of stress to the bone, causing a tiny crack. Usually occur because of rapid increase in amount or intensity of training, or impact from unfamiliar terrain, or incorrect shoes. 8

9. Hard Tissue Injuries 5.Open/compound fracture: More serious injury as bone breaks through skin. Break causes considerable damage to surrounding tissues & can cause serious bleeding if a large artery is ruptured. Exposes broken skin to possibility of infection, which can hinder healing. 9

10. Soft Tissue Injuries Abrasion: Abrasion: when surface of skin is grazed so that top layer is scraped off, leaving raw, tender area. Injury Mechanism: Injury Mechanism: sliding fall (grass). 10

11. Soft Tissue Injuries Strains: Strains: a twist/pull/tear to a muscle or tendon. Often caused by overuse/force/overstretching. Severity: Severity: grade 1, 2, or 3 strain 11

12. Soft Tissue Injuries Sprains: Sprains: stretch/tear to a ligament & is often caused by trauma that knocks a joint out of position, & overstretches or ruptures the supporting ligaments. Most commonly found in ankles, knees or wrists. 12

13. Soft Tissue Injuries Muscle Contusion/hematoma: Muscle Contusion/hematoma: technical term for a bruise. Injury Mechanism: Injury Mechanism: Occurs due to direct trauma, commonly a blow to the outer part of the thigh or back of the calf. Muscle fibers are squashed & blood capillaries are torn, resulting in bleeding into the surrounding tissues & hematoma formation. Intramuscular hematoma: Intramuscular hematoma: – Bleeding within a muscle. – Leads to pressure build-up in muscle, as blood is trapped within muscle sheath. – Results in decrease in muscle strength & flexibility. – Longer recovery period. 13

14. Soft Tissue Injuries Intermuscular hematoma: Intermuscular hematoma: – Bleeding around a muscle. – Much less severe than intram. as blood can escape from damaged muscle & into surrounding tissues. – Thus less pressure within the area & injury recovers much quicker. Symptoms: Symptoms: – Pain – Swelling – discoloration 14

15. Soft Tissue Injuries Oedema: Oedema: swelling in the tissue due to trauma. Swelling may be a combination of tissue fluid & blood (from local damage to capillaries at injury site). 15

16. Soft Tissue Injuries Bursitis: Bursitis: inflammation or irritation of a bursa. Usually results from overuse. Symptoms: Symptoms: – Pain – Restricted range of motion within area. 16

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18. Soft Tissue Injuries Tendonitis: Tendonitis: inflammation or irritation of a tendon. Injury Mechanism: Injury Mechanism: Usually results from overuse. Symptoms: Symptoms: – Pain, made worse by movement – Stiffness 18