1. FINAL EXAM
REVIEW

2. Harriet Tubman:
Helped over 300 slaves safely flee the South by using a system known as the Underground Railroad
Lincoln-Douglas Debates: (Both Running For Senator to Represent Illinois)
Stephen A. Douglas: in the Lincoln-Douglas Debates he argued for popular sovereignty; while Lincoln attacked the “vast moral evil” of slavery.

3. Henry Clay:
Presented a series of resolutions called the Compromise of 1850 which he hoped would settle the issue over slavery.
Compromise of 1850:
Proposed by Henry Clay
Allowed California to enter the Union as a Free State
Divided rest of Mexican Cession into two territories where slavery would be decided by popular sovereignty
Settled land claims between Texas and New Mexico
Abolished slave trade in the District of Columbia
Toughened Fugitive Slave Law

4. Abraham Lincoln:
Elected president in 1860; served from 1861 – 1865
Soon after Lincoln’s election the Southern States seceded
Was shot and killed by John Wilkes Booth five days after Lee surrendered to Grant to end the Civil War

5. John Brown:
Abolitionist
John Brown attempted to seize the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia;
Brown planned to give the arsenal’s guns to slaves living nearby and to establish an independent regime in the southern Appalachian Mountains.
It failed and Brown was hanged.

6. Jefferson Davis:
President of the New Confederate States
Confederacy: the name given to the Southern states who seceded from the Union.
Popular Sovereignty: practice of allowing voters in a territory to decide whether to permit slavery there.
Dred Scott:
The US Supreme Court ruled against Dred Scott and the Court ruled that slaves were property and not citizens which the 15th Amendment protected.

7. Harriet Beecher Stowe:
Wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin;
This novel provoked increased protests against the Fugitive Slave Act under which fugitive slaves were denied a trial by jury and persons convicted or aiding them would be fined and imprisoned
Appomattox: The final surrender of the Confederate Army took place here.

8. Ulysses S. Grant:
In March 1864, he was appointed commander of all Union Armies.
William Tecumseh Sherman:
His march across Georgia created a wide path of destruction, terrorized civilians, and destroyed the morale of white Southerners; he burned a path of destruction through Georgia
He used TOTAL WAR – to win the war the Union must strike at the enemy’s economic resources – BREAK SOUTHERNERS WILL TO FIGHT

9. 13th Amendment: banned slavery in the United States
14th Amendment: this amendment required states to extend equal citizenship to African Americans and ALL people “born or naturalized in the United States.
Intended to nullify Dred Scott Decision.
Enforcement Acts of 1870 and 1871:
Congress passed these acts which were designed to stop violence against African Americans.
These three laws empowered the federal government to combat terrorism with military force and to prosecute guilty individuals

10. WHAT IS SHARECROPPING? Some planters solved their problems with Sharecropping: under this system a farmer worked a parcel of land in return for a share of the crop, a cabin, seed, tools, and a mule
Sharecropping enabled planters to get their lands worked when they did not have enough cash to pay laborers
By the end of the 1870s, many poor white southerners and most African Americans in the South worked as sharecroppers

11. 15th Amendment: it states, “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”
Why Lincoln fights Civil War – TO PRESERVE THE UNION
Free Soil Party: Northerners who wanted to keep slavery out of the territories (especially Kansas and Nebraska) but did not have positive feelings towards African Americans

12. Emancipation Proclamation:
Order announced by President Abraham Lincoln in 1862 that freed the slaves in areas rebelling against the Union; but, did not free all slaves.

13. Confederate soldiers wore GRAY uniforms.
Union soldiers wore BLUE uniforms.
Fire-eater: a person who liked slavery
Abolitionist: a person who is against slavery.
William H. Carney: first African American to win the Medal of Honor; fought with the 54th Massachusetts Infantry

14. Jim Crow Laws: Laws that enforced segregation in the South
Plessy v. Ferguson: (1896) Supreme Court case that established the “separate-but-equal” doctrine for public facilities.
Black Codes: laws passed in the southern states during Reconstruction that greatly limited the freedom of former slaves.