1. Objective: To examine the immediate causes of the U.S. Civil War. Do Now: Use the map below to answer the following questions. Which party won nearly all of the northern states?__________________________ Which party won nearly all of the southern states?__________________________ What percentage of the popular vote did the Republican party receive?__________ What percentage of the electoral vote did the Republican party receive?_________ Who was the candidate for the Constitutional Union party?___________________ Which states did he win?_______________________________________________ Southern Democrats Republicans 40% 59% John Bell Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee

2. John Brown’s Raid: In 1859, John Brown and his followers seized a federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry, Virginia. John Brown in August, 1859.

3. Interior view of the engine house at Harpers Ferry during the siege. View photos of eight members of Brown’s raiding party.

4. John Brown painting at Harper's Ferry

5. Engine house at Harpers Ferry.

6. Marines storm the engine house.

7. Brown was caught and sentenced to death by hanging. Brown as a wounded prisoner after his capture.

8. Brown being carried from court to prison.

9. Last Moments of John Brown (painting by Thomas Hovenden)

10. The hanging of John Brown.

11. Brown's grave in North Elba, New York

12. "Now, if it is deemed necessary that I should forfeit my life for the furtherance of the ends of justice, and mingle my blood further with the blood of millions in this slave country whose rights are disregarded by wicked, cruel, and unjust enactments, I say, let it be done." --John Brown, statement at his sentencing on Nov. 2, 1859

13. "[John Brown is] that new saint, than whom none purer or more brave was ever led by love of men into conflict and death,-- the new saint awaiting his martyrdom, and who, if he shall suffer, will make the gallows glorious like the cross." --Ralph Waldo Emerson, from his lecture "Courage," delivered in Boston on Nov. 8, 1859

14. Election of 1860: Main Candidates Abraham Lincoln (Republican) Stephen Douglas (Northern Democrat) John Breckinridge (Southern Democrat) John Bell (Constitutional Union) * Lincoln won the election.

16. In response to Lincoln’s victory, the southern states seceded from the Union in 1861, forming the Confederate States of America. Secession: Original Confederate flagEventual Confederate flag

17. Jefferson Davis was named the president of the Confederacy.

18. Civil War: Union v. Confederacy

19. Fort Sumter, South Carolina, was important because it guarded Charleston harbor * The Civil War had now begun! Fort Sumter Therefore, the Confederates attacked, defeating the Union soldiers.

20. Ruffin, Pvt. Edmund, Confederate soldier who fired the first shot against Fort Sumter Anderson, Maj. Robert, defender of Fort Sumter

21. Bombardment of Fort Sumter, Charleston Harbor April 12 and 13, 1861

25. Fort Sumter, S.C., April 4, 1861, under the Confederate flag.