1. 8th & 10th Grade
Review

2. 1492
The Italian navigator, Christopher Columbus, who sailed with the support of the Spanish crown, arrived in the Americas.

3. Colombian Exchange
Global exchange of goods between Europe, Asia, African, and the Americas.

4. 1607
In this year, representatives of the Virginia Company of London established the first permanent English settlement in North America.
The settlement was called Jamestown in honor of King James I of England.

5. Magna Carta signed by King John in 1215.
It asserted the right of citizens to
a trial by jury
no imprisonment without a trial
no taxation except by approval of Parliament

6. English Bill of Rights 1689
King William and Queen Mary accepted this document in 1689.
It guaranteed certain rights to English citizens
It declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently.
By accepting this document, they supported a limited monarchy = a system in which the king shared his power with Parliament and the people.

7. 1776 Declaration of Independence signed.
Start of the Revolutionary War.
United States established as an independent nation.

8. Declaration of Independence
This document was adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776.
It established the 13 American colonies as independent states, free from rule by Great Britain.
Thomas Jefferson wrote the majority of this document.

9. Quote from: Declaration of Independence
“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among men, deriving their just power from the consent of the governed. That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or abolish it, and to institute new government…”

10. Declaration of Independence 1776
The Declaration states the two major principles on which the Constitution is based:
Government gets its power from the consent of the governed.
All men are created equal and have unalienable rights.

11. Unalienable Rights
Rights/Privileges according to the Declaration of Independence.
These rights cannot be taken away.
They are:
life
Liberty
the pursuit of happiness

12. Grievances =
Complaints

13. Colonial Grievances Taxation without consent (permission)
No representation
No trial by jury
Quartering troops
Standing armies in peace time

14. Thomas Jefferson Writer of the Declaration of Independence
Colonial leader
3rd President

15. George Washington Leader of the Continental Army during the Revolution
1st president of the United States

16. “No Taxation Without Representation”
Colonial protests against British policies and taxes.

17. American Revolution
The war of independence fought between Britain and 13 of its colonies in North America

18. Lexington and Concord (1775)
Battles that started the American Revolution.

19. Battle of Saratoga (1777) Colonist victory over British.
Turning point in Revolutionary War.
French offer help to colonists.

20. Battle of Yorktown (1781) Colonists defeated the British.
The British surrendered.
End of military struggle.

21. Treaty of Paris (1783) Ended the Revolutionary War.
British recognized colonists’ independence.
British gave colonists all the lands stretching west of the Mississippi River.

22. Articles of Confederation
This document was the nation’s first constitution
It was adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1781 during the Revolution.
The document was limited because states held most of the power, and Congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage.

23. 1787
Delegates gathered in Philadelphia to revise the Articles of Confederation.
Instead, they drafted, debated, compromised, and finally approved for ratification the Constitution of the United States.

24. U.S. Constitution
A document that sets out the laws and principles of the government of the United States.

25. Principles of the U.S. Constitution
Limited Government
Republicanism
Checks and Balances
Federalism
Separation of Powers
Popular Sovereignty
Individual Rights

26. Limited Government
A government in which its powers are specified in the Constitution.
A government in which everyone, including all authority figures, must obey the laws

28. Republicanism
The idea that government is controlled by the people who hold power and elect representatives, giving those representatives power to make and enforce laws.

29. Checks and Balances
The sharing of powers by the three branches of government to “check” the activities and power of the others

31. Checks and Balances

32. Federalism
The distribution of power between a federal government and the states within a union.

34. = 1

35. = 50

36. Separation of Powers
The idea that the power of government is separated into three branches of government.
The three branches are:
Legislative
Executive
Judicial

41. Popular Sovereignty
All political power rests with the people who can create, alter, and abolish government.

43. Representative Government
A system of government in which power is held by the people and their will is carried out by elected representatives.

44. Individual Rights
Individual rights, our personal rights, are protected by the Bill of Rights, the first ten amendments.

46. The Federalists
They include John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton. They all favored ratification of the Constitution.

47. Federalist Papers
A series of essays written by three leading Federalists.
They supported a form of government that divided power between a strong central government and the states.

48. Anti-Federalists
The Anti-Federalists argued that the Constitution was taking power away from the states and individuals.
Their arguments against the Constitution led to the passage of the Bill of Rights after the Constitution was approved.

49. Ratify
Approve

50. Bill of Rights First ten amendments to the Constitution
(ratified in 1791)

51. Amendments
The way of making changes to the U.S. Constitution

52. First Amendment: Religious and Political Freedom
States that “Congress shall make no law” restricting freedom of:
Speech
Press
Religion
Assembly
Petition

53. Second Amendment: Right to Bear Arms
Guarantees the right of states to organize militias, or armies, and the right of individuals to bear arms.

54. Third Amendment: Quartering of Troops
Soldiers cannot be housed in people’s homes unless it is approved by law.

55. Fourth Amendment: Search and Seizure
Protects citizens from unreasonable searches and seizures.
If a judge believes the search is reasonable, a search warrant will be granted.

56. Fifth Amendment: Rights of the Accused
This amendment protects an accused person from having to testify against him or herself (self-incrimination).
It bans double jeopardy (tried twice for the same crime)
It guarantees that no citizen may be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law – certain legal procedures that must be carried out before a person can be punished.

57. Sixth Amendment: Right to a Speedy, Public Trial
Guarantees a fair and impartial trial to those accused of a crime.
Accused must be told of the charges.
Accused has a right to a trial by jury.
Accused has a right to be represented by a lawyer.

58. Seventh Amendment: Trial by Jury in Civil Cases
Guarantees individuals the right to a jury trial in many non-criminal matters.

59. Eighth Amendment: Limits of Fines and Punishment
Federal courts can not require an unusually high bail.
No one can be punished in an cruel and unusual way.

60. Louisiana Purchase, 1803
$15,000,000

61. Manifest Destiny This expression was popular in the 1840s.
Many people believed that the United States was destined to secure territory from “sea to sea,” from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean.
This rationale drove the acquisition of territory.

62. Plantation System
A system of agricultural production based on large-scale land ownership and use of slave labor.

63. Tariff
Tax on imported goods.

64. Protective Tariff
A tax on an imported product instituted to protect local industries

65. Nullify

66. Nullification Crisis
Southerners favored freedom of trade and believed in the authority of states over the federal government.
Southerners declared federal protective tariffs null and void.

67. States’ Rights
The idea that states had the right to control all issues/laws in their state not specifically given to the federal government by the specific words of the Constitution.

68. States’ Rights
It was used mostly by Southern states to argue that they had the right to nullify federal laws they did not agree with.

69. States’ Rights
States’ rights became the leading cause of the Civil War as Southern states seceded from the United States and formed the Confederate State of America in 1861.

70. Dred Scott v. Sandford
Supreme Court case that ruled that African Americans were not citizens of the U.S.

71. Slavery

72. Abolitionist Movement
The movement to end slavery in the United States.

73. Sectionalism
A word describing being loyal to a local interest instead of the national level concerns and also a word that stood for a major cause of the Civil War.

74. 1861-1865 The American Civil War was fought during these years.
It began with the firing on Fort Sumter and ended with the Confederate surrender at Appomattox Court House almost four years later

75. Civil War
The U.S. Civil War ( ) resulted from years of conflict between competing sectional interests – including
slavery
States’ rights
conflicting economic and social structures of the North and South.

76. Secession = to withdraw
11 of the Southern states separated from the United States and formed their own country = Confederate States of America.

77. Gettysburg Address
Speech given by Abraham Lincoln which captured the spirit of liberty and morality ideally held by citizens of a democracy.
That ideal was threatened by the Civil War.

78. Emancipation Proclamation
Issued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862
It declared that all slaves in the rebellious Confederate states would be free.

79. 13th Amendment
A Reconstruction amendment that freed slaves in the United States

80. 14th Amendment
A Reconstruction amendment, which declared that all persons born in the U.S. were citizens and were entitled to equal rights.

81. 15th Amendment
A Reconstruction amendment that granted black men the right to vote.

82. Reconstruction ( )

83. Reconstruction (1867-1877) The period after the Civil War.
The United States confronted problems of re-admitting the Southern states to the Union and integrating the freed slaves into society.

84.
World War I

85.
World War II

86.
U.S. Involvement in World War II

87. Primary Sources
Consists of evidence produced by someone who participated in an event or lived during the time being studied

88. Secondary Sources
Include descriptions or interpretations prepared by people who were not involved in the events described – like textbooks or biographies.