1. THE UNION IN PERIL: CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR CHAPTER 10 Section 1 Objectives: 1. To describe the growing differences between the North and South in their economy and way of life. 2. To explain why the Wilmot Proviso failed to pass and the statehood issue of California statehood became so important. 3. To show how the efforts of Clay, Webster and Douglas produced the Compromise of 1850 and a temporary halt halt to talk of secession. What was the controversy in the territories about? Why was the Compromise of 1850 adopted?

2. VARYING ECONOMIES SOUTH Single Crop Plantation Economy (Cotton) Rural Segregated black v. white rich planters v. poor whites Fearful of Northern interference & slave revolts NORTH Industrial economy Urban Socially and Culturally Diverse – Immigration from Europe STOP SLAVERY! Why were immigrants so opposed to slavery??

3. Map: Population Distribution, 1790 and 1850 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

4. Slavery in Territories Should territories and new states have slavery Missouri Compromise Wilmot Proviso Closed to slavery California, Utah, and New Mexico Against southern constitutional rights Congress had no right to control the territories Passed by the House, rejected by the Senate Twice David Wilmot, Penn. Congressman “The north is going to stick the Wilmot amendment to every appropriation and then all of the South will vote against any measure thus clogged. Finally, a tremendous struggle will take place and perhaps Polk in starting one war may find half a dozen on his hands. I tell you, the prospect ahead is dark, cloudy, thick and gloomy.” - Alexander H. Stephens

5. Debate over Slavery in the territories leads to… SECTIONALISM!!! (AGAIN!!!) Wilmot Proviso = an amendment passed in 1846, stating that “neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist” in the territory seized from Mexico during the war. WHY? More slave states would upset the balance of power established in the Missouri Compromise. PROBLEM: Gold Rush means that California is ready to become a state, due to population boom. California petitions to be a FREE state, despite being below the 36º30’ Missouri Compromise Line

7. Statehood for California Gold Rush Population explosion Skipped requirements to become a territory State Constitution Outlawed slavery Outrage of Southerners Location of California How should California enter the union? Free or slave Balance of power

8. The Senate Debates - 1849 Pres. Zachary Taylor supports California popular sovereignty Some Southern states, threaten secession Senators Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and John Calhoun work out the Compromise of 1850

9. Compromise of 1850 CONCESSIONS TO NORTH California admitted as free New Mexico to receive disputed land with Texas Slave trade, but not slavery, abolished in D.C. CONCESSIONS TO SOUTH New Mexico and Utah Territories to be determined by popular sovereignty Texas paid $10 million as compensation for New Mexico Stronger Fugitive Slave Act

10. COMPROMISE OF 1850 Calhoun and Webster debate the Compromise. Calhoun rejects it, Webster argues for it. Calhoun = advocate of state’s rights. Slaveholders have no need to get permission to take their property into the new territories. Webster = the Union must be preserved, even if some Southerners and some abolitionists remain unsatisfied. Compromise initially fails but Stephen A. Douglas (Illinois) renews efforts to pass the Compromise in sections, which works. Taylor dies, and Millard Fillmore becomes President. Fillmore supports compromise and signs the bill into law.

11. Map: The Compromise of 1850 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16 FREE VS. 16 SLAVE

12. Potential Essay Topics Compare and Contrast Compromise of 1820 and 1850 Causes and Effects of Manifest Destiny Causes and Effects of Texas Revolution Causes and Effects of Mexican War Factors for increased Sectionalism and declining nationalism

13. TERMS Wilmot Proviso Secession Compromise of 1850 Popular sovereignty Stephen A. Douglas Millard Fillmore Objectives: 1. To describe the growing differences between the North and South in their economy and way of life. 2. To explain why the Wilmot Proviso failed to pass and the statehood issue of California statehood became so important. 3. To show how the efforts of Clay, Webster and Douglas produced the Compromise of 1850 and a temporary halt halt to talk of secession