1. Chapter 8: The Civil War Chapter Notes 1/9/14

2. 1858-MN becomes a state ◦ At this time, Americans think of the nation in 2 parts: the North and the South  Many similarities and many differences North: big cities, big factories & small farms producing enough food for a growing pop. South: few large cities & factories; slow growing pop.; farms grow many crops; 3 main crops: tobacco, sugar, cotton

3. WHAT WAS DRIVING A WEDGE BETWEEN THEM? SLAVERY

4. Who could vote in the U.S. at this time? Because there weren’t many industries in the South, they couldn’t attract a lot of workers. Population in the North increased, and the South stayed the same Problem! South wanted to balance slave and free states Issue: slavery expanding to new states and territories DIVISIONSOFNORTH &SOUTHDIVISIONSOFNORTH &SOUTH

5. Slaves in North America in 1619 Abolitionist: someone who wants to get rid of slavery Many in the North worried that if slavery spread, it would be harder for free whites to find work MN Territory 1849-1858: Slavery illegal MN State 1858 ◦ Constitutional ban on slavery ◦ Slavery did exist (>25 people) ◦ Slaves brought by:  Army  Govt. workers  Visitors  Few who moved to MN Most MN against slavery by 1860 SLAVERY&ABOLITIONSLAVERY&ABOLITION

6. Manifest Destiny=problem ◦ Slave states vs. Free states Many compromises in Congress ◦ Missouri Compromise ◦ CA=free; UT & NM slave territories ◦ No slave trade in DC ◦ Fugitive slave laws Kansas-Nebraska ◦ “Bleeding Kansas” 1854: Whig Party break-off to form Republican party 1860: 1 st Republican President=Lincoln 1860: South Carolina secedes from Union ◦ Starts Civil War ROAD TOCIVILWARROAD TOCIVILWAR

7. North ◦ Advantages: population, money, industries, allies ◦ Disadvantages: land, long supply and communication lines South ◦ Advantages: trained generals/military leadership, land ◦ Disadvantages: needed more resources, allies Civil War ◦ 4 years ◦ 1,000,000 casualties ◦ Emancipation Proclamation: freed all slaves in US  Shifted goal of war to ending slavery  Renewed hope in Union soldiers—win war in 1865 ◦ Congress passes 13 th, 14 th, 15 th Amendments CIVILWAR&AFTERMATHCIVILWAR&AFTERMATH

8. Chapter 8: The Civil War Chapter Notes 1/9/14

9. Land of the Free? Before 1800, people all over had slaves ◦ North changed because they came around to thinking it was morally wrong and found it was unprofitable for them ◦ Southern farmers needed cheap labor for their plantations; ex. picking cotton  New cotton plant + invention of cotton gin = $$$ Northerners didn’t want slavery to spread to the West as new states came

10. Differences between the North and the South in the years before the war? North ◦ Big cities, big factories, and farms that produced food and goods for a growing pop. ◦ Slavery not allowed South ◦ Few large cities and factories, fewer railroad ◦ Slow growing pop. ◦ Slavery allowed

11. SIDEBAR: Dred & Harriet Scott Brought to Ft. Snelling in MN (free state) When owner went back to MO (slave state) he took the Scotts with him Scotts sued: since they had lived in a free territory, they should be free ◦ 11 yrs in court--> U.S. Supreme Court decided they were property and not citizens and that their owner, a U.S. citizen, couldn’t be deprived of his property

12. How did people in MN react to slavery and the visiting Eliza Winston? 1860-MN had mixed feelings Eliza Winston—slave for a Southern family who came to MN on vacation for a visit ◦ MN was a free state ◦ Met with freed African American couple who contacted a judge  She was taken into custody that night with the judge ruling the next day she was free

13. Home of the Brave 1860 election—Rep. Abraham Lincoln Southerners saw it as a threat to their way of life as they depended on slavery Southern states seceded to form the Confederate States of America ◦ Lincoln refuses to see the country divided --> WAR BOTH need armies ◦ First Minnesota Volunteer Infantry Regiment formed at this time

14. What happened to Charley Goddard during the Civil War? Charley Goddard: 15 yr old who lied about his age to enlist; trained at Ft. Snelling and shipped out with 1 st MN Reg. for D.C. Age 16: excited to fight; injured--> had to sit out in First Battle of Bull Run

15. What happened to Charley Goddard during the Civil War? Age 17: Battle of Antietam—bloodiest day in history (26,000 men killed/wounded) Age 18: Battle of Gettysburg-1 st MN very important at the frontlines because they were able to hold off Confederate soldiers until Union reinforcements arrived 1 st MN Reg. was one of twenty-two MN units to serve in Civil War

16. SIDEBAR: Homefront Minnesotans were doing all they could to support the war effort ◦ Sent supplies, raised money, provided companionship, and sent letters/care packages to soldiers Life goes on--> While the men were gone, everyone else in the family had to step up and take on extra duties

17. Land of the Free Emancipation Proclamation—presidential decree that stated as of January 1, 1863, the slaves in the Confederate states were free ◦ Made it clear that the war wasn’t just about preserving the Union

18. What problems did Robert Hickman encounter? Robert Hickman—African American man who was born a slave in Missouri ◦ Could read, write, and preached ministry ◦ Headed to MN with a group of 300 slaves Reactions of Minnesotans-->

19. the North defeated the South in 1865 ◦ 1,000,000 casualties ◦ South in ruins ◦ MN—not really affected ◦ MN economy doing well ◦ What did MN learn? In MN, family life was upset by war & casualties During Civil War, another war had started in southern MN—the Dakota War AFTERMATH