1. Reconstruction

2. Lincoln’s Plan  Ten Percent Plan  When 10% of the voters of a state took an oath of loyalty to the Union, the state could form a new government  Had to adopt a new constitution that banned slavery  Lincoln believed that punishing the South would only delay healing the torn nation  Amnesty to white Southerners who swore loyalty oath  Except Confederate leaders and officers  3 states set up gov’ts according to plan, but Congress refused to seat representatives (see Radical Reconstruction)

3. Radical Reconstruction  Saw Lincoln as too forgiving, wanted to punish South  Wade-Davis Bill  In 1864, Congress passed a plan for Reconstruction  Req’d majority of white males to take loyalty oath before elections could be held (majority rule)  Also banned former Confeds from holding office  Lincoln used pocket veto to kill bill

4. Freedmen’s Bureau  March 1865- Lincoln and Congress set up the Freedmen’s Bureau  The bureau helped African-Americans adjust to freedom  It provided food, clothing, and medical services  Also helped freed people acquire land or find work for fair wages  Also set up schools and gave aid to new African-American institutions of higher learning  Including Atlanta University, Howard University, and Fisk University

5. Assassination  Lincoln killed, Andrew Johnson becomes president  Loyal Unionist from TN  Grew up poor, hated planter elite  Also hated blacks  Limited gov’t, state’s rights  Restoration (Johnson’s Plan)  Amnesty to most Southerners who swore loyalty  High-ranking officers had to appeal to him directly for a pardon (humiliate leaders who “tricked” Southerners to support secession)  States must denounce secession and ban slavery  Had to ratify 13 th Amendment  Pay off war debts  All states but Texas readmitted under Johnson’s Plan  Johnson vetoed many of the Radical Republican’s policies

6. 1866 – A New Sheriff in Town  Radical Republicans won majority control of Congress  Could now override vetoes, control Reconstruction  Civil Rights Act of 1866 – precursor to 14 th Amendment  Military Control  South divided into military districts, overseen by Union Generals and troops  14 th and 15 th Amendments  Citizenship and legal equality (14 th - 1866) and right to vote (15 th - 1870)  For the first time, African Americans were elected to local, state, and federal office  Civil Rights Act of 1875 – “Force Act”, forbade discrimination in hotels, trains, and other public spaces

7. Military Zones

10. Same Old Song  Black Codes - Southern laws which limited African American rights  Intended to keep them in a condition of inferiority  Generally economic in nature, limited employment and property ownership  Sharecropping – new agricultural system  Tenant farmers paid rent with a share of their crops  System was rigged to ensure dominance of landowners through company stores and unfair practices  “Debt peonage”  Ku Klux Klan  Goals: drive out carpetbaggers, regain control of South for Democratic Party, punish scalawags, prevent African American equality

11. Compromise of 1877  Rutherford B. Hayes (R) v Samuel Tilden (D)  Tight electoral race  3 Southern states had vote counts disputed  To win support of Southern Democrats in determining vote counts, Hayes agreed to pull troops from South, effectively ending Reconstruction  With troops gone, white Southerners were able to reinstate themselves into positions of political and social superiority  The era of Jim Crow and White Supremacy would follow