5. b

6. Functions of Bone Support and Protection shape and form underlying tissue protection

7. Functions of Bone Body Movement Levers Blood Cell Formation hematopoiesis Storage of Inorganic Salts quantity of calcium phosphate initiates osteoblasts and osteoclasts osteoporosis

8. Functions of Bone

10. Organization of the Skeleton Axial Skeleton skull, hyoid, vertebral column, thoracic cage Appendicular Skeleton pectoral girdle and upper limbs pelvic girdle and lower limbs

12. Cranial Bones Frontal anterior; superior to eyes Parietal posterior to frontal bulge on head Occipital posterior and base of cranium Temporal lateral and base

13. Cranial Bones Sphenoid and ethmoid create sinuses sinusitis

14. Functions of the Cranium Enclose and protect the brain Paranasal sinuses reduce weight increase intensity of voice through resonance

15. Jaw Bones Maxillary bone upper jaw Mandible Movable Cleft Palate

16. Infantile Skeleton development - Skull Incomplete development Many fontanels (“soft spots”) permit movement between bones; allow skull to be compressed during birth Allow for continued brain growth Eventually fuse - sutures Proportions are quite different from those in an adult skull small face prominent forehead large orbits

17. Typical Vertebrae Drum shaped body Body and bony arch surround spinal cord Notches provide the foramen for spinal nerves

18. 3 Types of Vertebrae Cervical first 7 Thoracic middle 12 Lumbar last 5 Scoliosis

20. Cervical Vertebrae Bony axis of neck Atlas 1st vertebrae supports and balances head Axis 2nd vertebrae provides pivot of head

21. Thoracic Vertebrae Larger than cervical Facets articulate with the ribs

22. Lumbar Vertebrae Large and strong Support most body weight Sacrum 5 fused vertebrae Coccyx (tailbone) 4 fused vertebrae lowest part of vertebral column

23. Infantile Skeleton development – Vertebral Column Spinal curvatures well developed – Primary curvatures Thoracic Sacral Cervical curvature Develops as baby learns to lift his/her head Lumbar curvature Develops during learning to sit and walk

24. Disorders Spina Bifida Vertebrae do not completely develop Genetic – quad screen test

25. Spina Bifida

27. Disorders Herniated Disk Elastic portion of disk degenerates Back pain; loss of muscular function

28. Thoracic Cage Shaped like an inverted cone Ribs Thoracic vertebrae Sternum Manubrium, body, xiphoid process Costal Cartilage attach ribs to sternum Why articulate with cartilage instead of bone?

29. Functions of the Thoracic Cage Support pectoral girdle and arms Protect organs –Heart and lungs Aid in breathing

30. Ribs 12 pairs –first seven are true –last five are false Curves around chest and slope downward Articulate with transverse process on vertebrae

31. Sternum Breast bone Articulates with the clavicle Red marrow produces RBC Sternal puncture thin compact bone so easy to obtain marrow for diagnosis

32. Pectoral Girdle Incomplete ring 2 Clavicles (collar bone) –slender, elongated –hold shoulders in place –attachment site for muscles of the arm, chest, back 2 Scapula (shoulder blade) –broad, triangular bones –articulates with humerus

33. Upper Limb Humerus articulates with radius & ulna Radius elbow to wrist articulates with humerus, ulna, wrist Ulna overlaps humerus articulates laterally with radius Hand carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

35. Pelvic Girdle Pelvis sacrum, coccyx, girdle 2 Coxal bones (3 fused bones) Ilium (hipbone) Ischium (“butt” bone  tuberosity Pubis Fused at the symphysis pubis

36. Lower Limb Femur –knee to hip –longest bone in the body Tibia –shinbone Fibula –lateral to tibia –bears no weight Foot –Tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges –calcaneus

37. Male v. Female Skeleton Male larger hip bones more narrow more bone mass Female wider hip bones angle at symphysis pubis is greater less bone mass