1. KEMO2010

2. Introduction  The body is built on a framework of bones called the skeleton.  The skeleton are 206 bones in the human body.  It structure supports the muscles, blood vessels & nerves of the body. KEMO2010

3. I ntroduction  At many points on the skeleton bones articulate with each other by means of joints.  These are supported by ligaments & moved by muscles that are attached to the bones by tendon.  Many bones of the skeleton protect important organs ( brain, heart &vital organs ) KEMO2010

5. Definition A fracture consists of a break or crack in the bone. FRACTURE KEMO2010

6. Causes  Direct force; force is applied to the bone cause fracture at the point of impact.  Indirect force; where force or kinetic energy, applied to a large, strong bone, is transmitted up the limb, causing the weakest bones to fracture.  Spontaneous or Pathological fractures Occur as a result of disease such as carcinoma, osteogenesis, Pager’s disease,infection and muscular spasms. KEMO2010

7. Fractures Classified  Open  Complicated  Closed KEMO2010

8. Closed fracture  The first is a "simple fracture (( closed fracture )).  This refers to a fracture in which the skin is intact and no wound is present anywhere near the fractured area. KEMO2010

9. Open fracture  compound fracture (( open fracture )). "  This term is used when the underlying skin has been broken or damaged. KEMO2010

10. Open fracture  This type of injury may result in the bone protruding through the victim's skin or as a result of a direct blow that cuts the skin at the time of impact.  The bone itself may or may not be visible in the wounded are a. KEMO2010

11. Complicated fracture  I s a complicated fracture with damage to associated vital organs and major blood vessels as a result of the fracture. KEMO2010

12. Types of fracture  Simple fracture  Spiral fracture  Transverse fracture  Oblique fracture  Comminuted fracture  Greenstick fracture KEMO2010

14. Oblique fracture KEMO2010

15. Greenstick fracture KEMO2010

16. Spiral fracture KEMO2010

17. Transverse fracture KEMO2010

18. 6) COMMON FRACTURE SITE KEMO2010

19. 6) COMMON FRACTURE SITE KEMO2010

20. 6) COMMON FRACTURE SITES KEMO2010

21. signs and symptoms  Shock  pale, cool, clammy skin  rapid, weak pulse  nausea  pain at the site  loss of power & function to limb  deformity  Edema  Muscle spasm  associated wound and blood loss  associated organ damage KEMO2010

22. first aid action for a person with a suspected fracture is Though fractures are rarely life threatening it is recommended to check and monitor  the victim’s airway.  breathing  circulation and to check for disabilities using your CPR. KEMO2010

23. Check responses KEMO2010

24. first aid action for a person with a suspected fracture  Treat the victim for shock if necessary.  If the person feels faint  breathing is short.  rapid breaths,  lay the person down with the head slightly lower than the trunk and, if possible, elevate the legs. KEMO2010

26. first aid action for a person with a suspected fracture ….  Ask questions to determine how the accident occurred and the location of the injury.  This information will be valuable to trained medical personnel upon their arrival. KEMO2010

27. first aid action for a person with a suspected fracture ….  Examine the injured area for swelling and/or deformities, lacerations and puncture wounds.  Gently feel along the length of the bone for tenderness, swelling and deformities. KEMO2010

28. first aid action for a person with a suspected fracture ………  Check the injured extremity for pulse.  A pulse less in arm or leg indicates an emergency requiring immediate surgical care. KEMO2010

29. Apply ice packs  To limit swelling and help relieve pain until emergency personnel arrive.  Don't apply ice directly to the skin — wrap the ice in a towel, piece of cloth or some other material. KEMO2010

30. Stop any bleeding Apply pressure to the wound with a sterile bandage, a clean cloth or a clean piece of clothing. KEMO2010

31. Immobilize the injured area  Don't try to realign the bone, but if you've been trained in how to splint and professional help isn't readily available, apply a splint to the area KEMO2010

32. of fracture Treatment Principles Initial Immobilization :  prevents further damage  aids in transport  relieves pain Splint them where they lie  use newspapers, magazines, pillows, scarves, neck ties, belts…things around the house. KEMO2010

33. Splinting common fractures KEMO2010

34. Ankle Fracture Wrist Fracture KEMO2010

35. Hand fracture KEMO2010

36. Splinting for a fractured collar bone KEMO2010

37. Splinting for a fractured finger KEMO2010

38. First Aid For Closed Fracture  Advise the victim to keep still.  support the in juried part with your hands, or ask a helper to do this, until it is immobilised. KEMO2010

39. Cont ….First Aid For Closed Fracture  For firmer support, bandage the injured part to an unaffected part of the body. KEMO2010

40. Cont ….First Aid For Closed Fracture  Arrange to transport the victim to hospital as necessary.  Treat for shock if necessary by raising the legs, don't raise the injured limb if this causes the victim more pain.  Check the circulation beyond a bandage every 10 minutes. if the circulation is impaired, loosen the bandage KEMO2010