1. End Show © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall SAMPLE PROBLEM Slide 1 of Introduction to Chemistry

2. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 2 of 25 Scientific Methods In 1928, Alexander Fleming noticed that bacteria he was studying did not grow in the presence of a yellow-green mold. In 1945, Fleming shared a Nobel Prize for Medicine with Howard Florey and Ernst Chain, who led the team that isolated penicillin. 1.3

3. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemistry > Slide 3 of 27 What Is Chemistry? Why is the scope of chemistry so vast? 1.1

4. Slide 4 of 27 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall > Chemistry What Is Chemistry? Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Chemistry is the study of the composition of matter and the changes that matter undergoes. 1.1

5. Slide 5 of 27 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemistry > What Is Chemistry? Because living and nonliving things are made of matter, chemistry affects all aspects of life and most natural events. 1.1

6. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemistry > Slide 6 of 27 Areas of Study What are five traditional areas of study in chemistry? 1.1

7. Slide 7 of 27 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemistry > Areas of Study Five traditional areas of study are organic chemistry inorganic chemistry biochemistry analytical chemistry physical chemistry 1.1

8. Slide 8 of 27 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemistry > Organic chemistry is defined as the study of all chemicals containing carbon. Areas of Study 1.1

9. Slide 9 of 27 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemistry > Inorganic chemistry is the study of chemicals that, in general, do not contain carbon. Areas of Study 1.1

10. Slide 10 of 27 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemistry > The study of processes that take place in organisms is biochemistry. Areas of Study 1.1

11. Slide 11 of 27 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemistry > Analytical chemistry is the area of study that focuses on the composition of matter. Areas of Study 1.1

12. Slide 12 of 27 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemistry > Physical chemistry is the area that deals with the mechanism, the rate, and the energy transfer that occurs when matter undergoes a change. Areas of Study 1.1

13. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Thinking Like a Scientist > Slide 13 of 25 Alchemy How did alchemy lay the groundwork for chemistry? 1.3

14. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 14 of 25 Thinking Like a Scientist > Alchemy Alchemists developed the tools and techniques for working with chemicals. 1.3

15. Slide 15 of 25 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Thinking Like a Scientist > Alchemy Alchemists developed processes for separating mixtures and purifying chemicals. They designed equipment that is still in use today including beakers, flasks, tongs, funnels, and the mortar and pestle. Mortar and Pestle 1.3

16. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Thinking Like a Scientist > Slide 16 of 25 An Experimental Approach to Science How did Lavoisier help to transform chemistry? 1.3

17. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Thinking Like a Scientist > Slide 17 of 25 An Experimental Approach to Science Lavoisier helped to transform chemistry from a science of observation to the science of measurement that it is today. 1.3

18. Slide 18 of 25 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Thinking Like a Scientist > An Experimental Approach to Science Lavoisier designed a balance that could measure mass to the nearest 0.0005 gram. He also showed that oxygen is required for a material to burn. Reconstruction of Lavoisier’s Laboratory 1.3

19. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Thinking Like a Scientist > Slide 19 of 25 The Scientific Method What are the steps in the scientific method? 1.3

20. Slide 20 of 25 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Thinking Like a Scientist > The Scientific Method The scientific method is a logical, systematic approach to the solution of a scientific problem. Steps in the scientific method include making observations, testing hypotheses, and developing theories. 1.3

21. Slide 21 of 25 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Thinking Like a Scientist > The Scientific Method Making Observations When you use your senses to obtain information, you make an observation. Suppose you try to turn on a flashlight and it does not light. An observation can lead to a question: What’s wrong with the flashlight? 1.3

22. Slide 22 of 25 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Thinking Like a Scientist > The Scientific Method Testing Hypotheses A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for an observation. You guess that the flashlight needs new batteries. You can test your hypothesis by putting new batteries in the flashlight. If the flashlight lights, you can be fairly certain that your hypothesis is true. 1.3

23. Slide 23 of 25 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Thinking Like a Scientist > The Scientific Method An experiment is a procedure that is used to test a hypothesis. When you design experiments, you deal with variables, or factors that can change. The variable that you change during an experiment is the manipulated variable, or independent variable. The variable that is observed during the experiment is the responding variable, or dependent variable. 1.3

24. Slide 24 of 25 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Thinking Like a Scientist > The Scientific Method Developing Theories Once a hypothesis meets the test of repeated experimentation, it may become a theory. A theory is a well-tested explanation for a broad set of observations. A theory may need to be changed at some point in the future to explain new observations or experimental results. 1.3

25. Slide 25 of 25 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Thinking Like a Scientist > The Scientific Method Scientific Laws A scientific law is a concise statement that summarizes the results of many observations and experiments. A scientific law doesn’t try to explain the relationship it describes. That explanation requires a theory. 1.3

26. Slide 26 of 25 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Thinking Like a Scientist > Steps in the Scientific Method The Scientific Method 1.3

27. Slide 27 of 25 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Thinking Like a Scientist > Solving Numeric Problems What are the three steps for solving numeric problems? 1.4

28. Slide 28 of 25 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Thinking Like a Scientist > Solving Numeric Problems Analyze To solve a word problem, you must first determine where you are starting from (identify what is known) and where you are going (identify the unknown). After you identify the known and the unknown, you need to make a plan for getting from the known to the unknown. 1.4

29. Slide 29 of 25 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Thinking Like a Scientist > Solving Numeric Problems Calculate If you make an effective plan, doing the calculations is usually the easiest part of the process. Evaluate Check that your answer is reasonable and makes sense. Check that it has the correct unit and the correct number of significant figures. 1.4

30. Slide 30 of 25 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Thinking Like a Scientist > Solving Numeric Problems Th The steps for solving a numeric word problem are analyze, calculate, and evaluate. 1.4

31. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Thinking Like a Scientist > Slide 31 of 25 Collaboration and Communication What role do collaboration and communication play in science? 1.3

32. Slide 32 of 25 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Thinking Like a Scientist > Collaboration and Communication Collaboration Scientists choose to collaborate for different reasons. Some research problems are so complex that no one person could have all of the knowledge, skills, and resources to solve the problem. Scientists might conduct research for an industry in exchange for equipment and the time to do the research. 1.3

33. Slide 33 of 25 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Thinking Like a Scientist > Collaboration and Communication No matter how talented the players on a team, one player cannot ensure victory for the team. Individuals must collaborate, or work together, for the good of the team. When scientists collaborate and communicate, they increase the likelihood of a successful outcome. 1.3

34. Slide 34 of 25 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Thinking Like a Scientist > Collaboration and Communication Collaboration isn’t always a smooth process. You will likely work on a team in the laboratory. If so, you may face some challenges. But you can also experience the benefits of collaboration. 1.3

35. Slide 35 of 25 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Thinking Like a Scientist > Collaboration and Communication Communication Scientists communicate face to face, by e-mail, by phone, and at international conferences. Scientists publish their results in scientific journals. Articles are published only after being reviewed by experts in the author’s field. 1.3

36. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 36 of 25 Section Quiz -or- Continue to: Launch: Assess students’ understanding of the concepts in Section 1.3 Section Quiz. 1.3.

37. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 37 of 25 1.3 Section Quiz. 1. Lavoisier is credited with transforming chemistry from a science of observation to a science of a.speculation. b.measurement. c.hypotheses. d.theories.

38. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 38 of 25 1.3 Section Quiz. 2. A hypothesis is a.information obtained from an experiment. b.a proposed explanation for observations. c.a concise statement that summarizes the results of many of experiments. d.a thoroughly tested explaination for a broad set of observations.

39. © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 39 of 25 1.3 Section Quiz. 3. Why are articles in scientific journals the most reliable source of information about new scientific discoveries? a.The articles are reviewed by experts in the author's field. b.Any article that is submitted is published. c.Everyone has access to the information. d.The articles are short and easy to read.

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