1. Introduction to Chemistry
Chapter 1

2. Why Study Chemistry: An Introduction
Chemistry affects almost all aspects of life.
Chemistry is a very broad area of study with much specialized knowledge.
Studying chemistry involves understanding new concepts and developing effective problem solving strategies.
Research in chemistry has contributed to many advances in modern life.
Materials, energy, medicine, the environment.
Other reasons:
Allows us to see the world in a different way.
Helps prepare us for our careers.
Allows us to be better informed citizens.

3. I.) Materials
Chemists are constantly looking for new reactions that can be used to create new materials.
Plastics and many other artificial materials are made from combining simple compounds to make more complex ones.
Material science is a vibrant field.
CORNING, N.Y. (AP) — An ultra-strong glass that has been looking for a purpose since its invention in 1962 is poised to become a multibillion-dollar bonanza for Corning Inc. Gorilla showed early promise in the '60s, but failed to find a commercial use, so it's been biding its time in a hilltop research lab for almost a half-century. It picked up its first customer in 2008 and has quickly become a $170 million a year business as a protective layer over the screens of 40 million-plus cell phones and other mobile devices. Now, the latest trend in TVs could catapult it to a billion-dollar business: Frameless flat-screens that could be mistaken for chic glass artwork on a living-room wall.
Depiction of two
"Fullerene Nano-gears"
with multiple teeth.

4. II.) Energy
As more countries modernize there will be a greater need for energy.
Chemists play a key role in finding ways to create, conserve, and store energy.
Fuel cells generate electricity from a catalyst-facilitated chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen ions in a cell. Several cells combined make up a fuel cell stack. Fuel cell systems have relatively few moving parts, and their only by products are water and heat when pure hydrogen is used as the fuel

5. III.) Medicine and Biotechnology
Advancements in treatments of diseases results from new drug therapies.
Development of new drugs are a direct result of work done by chemists.
Taxol
A highly effective drug used against ovarian and breast cancer.
The bark of the Pacific yew tree produces this compound and chemists have been able to make it.

6. IV.) The Environment
Materials produced by chemists have produced unintended consequences for our environment.
Pollutants can be identified and prevented from escaping into the environment.
What is a pollutant?
A material found in the air, water, or soil that is harmful to humans or other organisms.
The identification of pollutants and the prevention of pollution is carried out by mainly by chemists.
Chemists can also have advisory roles in drafting legislation preventing pollution.

7. A material found in the air, water, or soil that is harmful to humans
What is a pollutant?
A material found in the air, water,
or soil that is harmful to humans
or other organisms.
The identification of pollutants and the prevention of pollution is carried out by mainly by chemists.
Chemists can also have advisory roles in drafting legislation preventing pollution.

8. Class problem
Use lead as an example to explain the meaning of the term pollutant. (Problem set #5)

9. What is Chemistry Anything that has mass and occupies space.
The study of the composition, structure and properties of matter, and the changes it undergoes.
Anything that has mass and
occupies space.
This include things seen and unseen.
We will come back to this discussion of matter
later.

10. Examples of matter.

11. Because matter is everywhere and
matter changes constantly,
chemistry is occurring all around
all the time.

12. Chemistry is a very broad area of study.
Because chemistry is involved in all aspects of existence it covers quite an expansive range of knowledge.
It is convenient to divide chemistry into subgroups each containing specialized knowledge.

13. Class Problem
What are the five subdisciplines of chemistry? Describe them. (Problem set #6)

14. Areas of Study ? ? ? ? ?

15. What are these Areas Organic Chemistry
The study of all chemicals containing carbon
Inorganic
Chemistry
The study of chemicals that, in general, do not
contain carbon.
Biochemistry
The study of processes that take place
in organisms.
Analytical
Chemistry
The area of study that focuses on the
composition of matter.
The area of study that deals with the mechanisms,
the rate, and the energy transfer that occurs when
matter undergoes change.
Physical Chemistry

16. Pure vs. Applied Chemistry
Pure chemistry is more theoretical chemistry.
Research conducted for the sole purpose of increasing knowledge.
Basic research.
Applied chemistry seeks practical applications.
Research carried out to solve a particular problem.
One can lead to the other.
The government is the biggest contributor of money for basic research.
Industry provides money primarily for applied research.

17. Pure chemistry leading to practical applications.
Carothers took a proposal made by a German chemist on the structure of silk and cotton and through experimentation came up with nylon.
Also discovered neoprene.
Wallace Carothers
American Chemist

18. Applied chemistry can lead to advances in technology: nanotechnology
Technology: The means by
which a society provides its
members with those things
needed and desired. (p.9)
A carbon nanotube
Technology is the making, modification, usage, and knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, crafts, systems, methods of organization, in order to solve a problem, improve a preexisting solution to a problem, achieve a goal or perform a specific function. It can also refer to the collection of such tools, machinery, modifications, arrangements and procedures. (
Nanotechnology is very diverse, ranging from extensions of conventional device physics to completely new approaches based upon molecular self-assembly, from developing new materials with dimensions on the nanoscale to investigating whether we can directly control matter on the atomic scale.
There has been much debate on the future implications of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology may be able to create many new materials and devices with a vast range of applications, such as in medicine, electronics, biomaterials and energy production. On the other hand, nanotechnology raises many of the same issues as with any introduction of new technology, including concerns about the toxicity and environmental impact of nanomaterials,[1] and their potential effects on global economics, as well as speculation about various doomsday scenarios. These concerns have led to a debate among advocacy groups and governments on whether special regulation of nanotechnology is warranted.
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs; also known as buckytubes) are allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure. Nanotubes have been constructed with length-to-diameter ratio of up to 132,000,000:1,[1] which is significantly larger than any other material. These cylindrical carbon molecules have novel properties that make them potentially useful in many applications in nanotechnology, electronics, optics and other fields of materials science, as well as potential uses in architectural fields. They exhibit extraordinary strength and unique electrical properties, and are efficient thermal conductors.
Although the longest nanotubes that have been synthesized today are only a few cm in length, research is ongoing to make them longer, and when "carbon nanotube rope" hits the market, it will be the strongest fiber available. Carbon nanotube fiber is so strong that they are the only fiber that could be spun into a space elevator (a sky bridge connecting a counterweight in geosynchronous orbit to a position on the ground) without snapping. Recently, carbon nanotubes have been proposed as a building material for armor so strong that bullets bounce right off it.
Single-walled carbon nanotubes are excellent conductors, and many computing companies are developing ways to use them in computers. The use of carbon nanotubes will allow the computing industry to create computers more powerful than those which can be fabricated via the conventional method of photolithography.
This is the study of controlling matter at the atomic and molecular levels.
Nanotechnology deals with structures in the range of 1 – 100 nm.

19. Possible applications
for nanotechnology

20. Class problem
Describe the relationship between pure chemistry and applied chemistry. (Problem set #7)

21. An Experimental Approach to Science
Alchemy laid the ground work for modern chemistry.
It was not systematic enough.
Experimental data that could be repeated set chemistry on its modern footing.
Alchemy: A medieval chemical science and philosophy which sought to change base metals into gold, find a universal cure for disease, and discover an “elixir of longevity.”
Using the scientific method places chemistry on a “modern footing.”

22. The Scientific Method A logical, systematic approach to the
solution of a scientific problem.
The scientific method provides a very systematic approach to studying a phenomenon.
There are four basic steps to the scientific method: make observations, form hypothesis, run experiments, develop theories.

23. Class problem
Which of the following is not a part of the scientific method: hypothesis, experiment, guess, theory? (Problem set #8)

24. Steps in the Scientific Method
A well-tested explanation for a
broad set of observations
Theory
A proposed explanation
for an observation
Observation
Hypothesis
Experiment
Use of one’s senses to
obtain info.
A procedure that is used
to test a hypothesis
Question: What happens when the “right”
results are not obtained in an experiment?
Is the experiment a failure?
A concise statement that summarizes
the results of many observations
and experiments
Scientific Law

25. Conducting an Experiment
Experiments are designed to show the connection between one variable and another as postulated in the hypothesis.
Any factors that may interfere with this relationship must be minimized or eliminated if possible.
Manipulated Variable
Independent Variable
Responding Variable
Dependent Variable

26. Class problem In our 1st experiment: (Problem set #9)
What was (were) the
manipulated variable(s)?
What was (were) the
responding variable (s)?

27. Collaboration and Communication
Repeated confirmation of a hypothesis makes it more creditable.
Collaboration and communication allows more minds to examine and work on a hypothesis and improve it.

28. Class problem
When can a hypothesis become a theory? (Problem set #10)

29. Problem Solving in Chemistry
Chemistry requires the ability to solve problems, numeric and conceptual.
Solving problems in chemistry require some systematic approach.
Visuals are helpful in solving problems.
The ability to solve problems is crucial in both the pure and the applied chemistry.
Problem solving skills are crucial in the “real” world as well.
We will be solving a lot of problems, numeric and conceptual, in this class.
I will suggest certain strategies for solving problems.

30. Solving Numeric Problems
Step 1: Analyze. Identify what is known and what is unknown. Create a plan/strategy to get from known to unknown.
Step 2: Calculate. This is usually the easiest part.
Part 3. Evaluate. Check that your answers “make sense.”
Basically these are the approach you will take for solving word problems. Individual strategies/plans will vary.

31. Basic Math Concepts to Review
Fractions
Add/ Subtract
Multiply/ Divide
Equivalent fractions
Percentages
Calculating percentages
Algebra
Setting up/ solving simple equations
Integers
Adding/ Subtracting

32. Introduction to Chemistry
Chapter 1
The End

33. Attendance Problem (Problem set #1)
Describe a chemical that you use everyday and explain what the world would be like without it.
(Problem set #1)

34. Attendance Problem
Would a geologist ask a biochemist to help identify the minerals in a rock? Why? (Problem set #2)

35. Attendance Problem
Describe the difference between the microscopic world and the macroscopic world. Give an example of something from each one. (Problem Set #3)

36. Attendance Problem
What type of chemist might study how an athlete uses energy during a competition? Give a reason for your answer. (Problem Set #4)

37. Homework Answers P.35 71.) 300 miles P. 36 81.) 144,000 eggs
82.) The number of gallons per barrel
83a.) $1.00 per package
83b.) The number of envelopes per package.