1. Jeff Binder R.T. (R)

2. STRENGTHSWEAKNESSES  Readily available  Low cost  Well known uses  Best line pair performance  False negatives (fx)  Ionizing radiation  Poor resolution  Poor soft tissue visualization  Poor spacial localization  C1/c2, c6/c7 hard to visualize Attenuating technology

3.  Rule out advanced imaging  Introductory study  Evaluates IVF well  Not good for central canal stenosis

4.  Xray images taken in “sections” (slices)  Blurs areas that are not of interest  Similar strengths and weaknesses as plain film  Attenuating technology

5.  Xray images taken of spinal cord after radiopaque contrast is injected  When used with CT it is the best tool to visualize central canal stenosis  Dr. looks for displacement of contrast on xray  Attenuating technology

6.  Headache (most common)  Infections  Arterial bleeding  Arachnoiditis  First contrast used was air

7.  Technetium 99 radio isotope used  Emission technology (from the patient)  “hot spots” on scan are osteoblastic activity SPECT: Single Photon Emission Computerized Tomography Phosphate used as carrier molecule PET: Positron Emission Tomography Glucose used as carrier molecule

8.  Attenuating technology  Computer generated pictures  Hounsfield Units  Pixels and voxels  Volume averaging used  Slice thickness scout films used

9. STRENGTHSWEAKNESSES  Widely available  Improved soft tissue visualization  3d imaging  Accurately measure a variety of structures  Image manipulation possible (bone and soft tissue windowing)  May be combined with myelogram for canal stenosis exam  Ionizing radiation  Higher cost  Intracranial artifacts  Artifacts secondary to metallic implants  Radiation dose

10.  Sound waves used to form images  No radiation  Readily accessible  Lower cost  Interact with patient

11.  Emission technology (from the patient)  Hydrogen molecules used for emission  Cortex of bone=black Due to lack of hydrogen (water molecules)  Evaluates Physiology

12.  Spinal fracture  Soft tissue injury  Skeletal survey for metastasis  Post traumatic complications  Peripheral entrapment  Central canal stenosis  Intracranial abnormalities  Vascular imaging (MRA first choice)

13.  Magnet (field) strength depicts image quality 1.5 tesla magnetic minimum Larger the magnet= better image quality  RF coils are placed on or near the patient to excite the tissue  Larmor equation Frequency of procession= gyro magnetic ratio x strength of field

14. White= high signal, Many H+ emitting signal Black= low signal, No H+ emitting signal Tr= Repetition time Te= echo time

15.  Cortex=black  CSF=black  Fat=white  Tr= 200-600ms  Te= 25ms

16.  Cortex=black  CSF=white  Tr= ~1500+ ms  Te= 50+ ms

17.  BOLD: Blood Oxygen Level Dependant  Physiology presented Cortical activation Retinotopic organization of the visual cortex Cerebral basis for language Mapping of the motor cortex Memory Studying psychiatric disorders  Advantages over PET No ionizing radiation, less expensive, widely available, studies can be frequently repeated

18.  Fake functional  Computer tricks to make a study look like a motion study.  Really a series of static images