1. TRANSRAPID MANGLEV
BY– ISHAAN GUPTA
ECE-123

2. OUTLINE Transrapid working Cryogen Working Parts and Principle
Germany vs. Japan
Advantages
Impacts
Summary
References

3. Maglev
Two
Types
Full scale speed
500 km/hr

4. EMS Magnetic attraction Servo-Controlled Electromagnets
Types
EMS
Magnetic attraction
Servo-Controlled
Electromagnets
Iron-plate rail

5. EDS Magnetic repulsion Superconducting Induction Cryogenic
(Electro-Dynamic Suspension) - systems, using cooled magnets on the moving car, repelled by currents in coils embedded in “tracks” on each side of the train.
Cryogenic

6. EMS system: The German Trans-Rapid TR08 demonstration train and 30 kilometer test track, with operating speeds up to 450 km/hr.

7. EDS system: The Japanese Yamanashi demonstration train, with speeds of 500 km/hr on a 18 kilometer test track.

8. Maglev working

10. An on-Board Master computer
The magnets on the side
=> Sharper turns
An on-Board Master computer
=> Efficient Levitation
This means there is no friction between the train and the track

11. Propulsion System

13. Three Phase Motor GUIDE-WAY

16. The system consists of aluminum three-phase cable windings in stator packs on guide way.
When current is supplied to the windings, it creates a traveling alternating current that propels the train.
When AC is reversed, the train brakes.
Different speeds are achieved by varying the intensity of the current.
Only a section of track of train travel area is electrified.

17. The Japanese maglev uses superconducting magnets
Levitation
The passing of the superconducting magnets by figure eight levitation coils on the side of the tract induces a current in the coils and creates a magnetic field. This pushes the train upward so that it can levitate 10 cm above the track.
The train does not levitate until it reaches 50 mph, so it is equipped with retractable wheels.
The Japanese maglev uses superconducting magnets

18. Lateral Guidance
The super conducting magnet induces repulsive-attractive forces keeping the train in the center of the guide way.

19. The German Trans-Rapid Maglev

20. The Japanese Yamanashi

21. Swiss-Metro Contactless energy transfer system Linear electric motor
and guidance system
Magnetic levitation
inductor
Emergency pavement
Emergency guidance
And braking system
Proposed in 1974, and under study since 1989, the Swiss-Metro system would carry 200 passengers in train cars running every 6 minutes. The trains would operate in tunnels evacuated to 1/10 atmosphere (atmos. pressure at Concorde flying altitude).

22. Inductrack System
Lock./07

23. The Inductrack System Optimizes levitation efficiency
Uses Halbach magnetinc arrays
Uses a passive track and permanent magnets
Attains levitation at lower speeds
Special arrays (Halbach arrays) of permanent magnets are employed, mounted on “bogies” underneath the car.
The periodic magnetic fields from the magnet arrays on the moving train car induce currents in a close-packed array of shorted electrical coils in the “track” to produce levitation (above a low “transition” spee

24. The moving Halbach array magnets induce currents in the close-packed shorted circuits embedded in the track

25. The levitating force becomes effective at very low vehicle speeds and remains constant at high speeds

26. The cradle is fabricated from high-modulus carbon-fiber composite to maximize rigidity and minimize weight

27. track prior to levitation One of 6 magnets (3 front, 3 back)
Guide rails to prevent
magnets from hitting
track prior to levitation
One of 6 magnets
(3 front, 3 back)
that provide levitation
and centering forces
Steel box beam
Drive &
levitation
coils in
track
C-fiber
cradle
with ribs
to support
magnetic force
Fiberglass I-beam
The levitated cradle surrounds the “track” that is composed of levitation coils and interleaved drive coils

28. The Lift-to-drag ratio of the Inductrack increases linearly with speed, and can exceed 200 at maglev train speeds
Lock./19

29. The levitation and drag forces of the Inductrack can be analyzed using circuit theory and Maxwell’s equations

30. To analyze the Inductrack we start with the equations for the magnetic field components of a Halbach array
Br = Remanent field (Tesla),
M = no. of magnets/wavelength.
d(m) = thickness of Halbach array magnets,
k = 2π/l

31. w = width of Halbach array, L,R = circuit induct./resistance
Integrating Bx in y gives the flux linked by the Inductrack circuits and yields equations for the Lift and Drag forces
Newtons/circuit
Newtons/circuit
w = width of Halbach array,
L,R = circuit induct./resistance

32. Dividing <Fy > by <Fx > yields an equation for the Lift-to-Drag ratio as a function of the track circuit parameters.
The Lift/Drag ratio increases linearly with velocity, and with the L/R ratio of the Inductrack track circuits.

33. The levitation efficiency (Newtons/Watt) can be determined directly from the equation for the Lift/Drag ratio
Newtons/Watt
Typical K values: K=1.0 to 5.0, depending on track design

34. Application InfoComm

35. Virtually impossible to derail.
Safety
Virtually impossible to derail.
Collisions between trains unlikely
computers are controlling the trains movements.

36. Maintenance
Contactless journey..
SO,
NEARLY NO MAINTAINANCE!!

37. Comfort
The ride at nearly 500km/hr is smooth while not sudden accelerating.
(Which, is also unlikely!)

38. The initial investment similar but operating expenses are half.
Economic Efficiency
The initial investment similar but operating expenses are half.
Can take passengers in single run
(Maglift is $20-$40 million per mile and I-279 in Pittsburg cost $37 million per mile 17 years ago.)

39. The linear generators produce electricity for the cabin of the train.

40. Speed
Can travel at about 300 mph.
For trips of distances up to 500 miles its total travel time is equal to a planes
It can accelerate to 200 mph in 3 miles.
=>ideal for short jumps.

41. Environment Advantages Fuel Speed Fuel Uses less enegy Less fuel used
1/5 of jet
1/3 of car
Speed Fuel
At 200km/hr->1L
At 300km/hr->2L
It uses less energy.
For 300 km trip with 3 stops, the gasoline/100 miles varies with speed. At 200 km/h-> 1L, at 300 km/h it is 1.5 liters and at 400 km/h it is 2 liters. This is 1/3 the energy used by cars and 1/5 the energy used by jets per mile.

43. Allows small animals to pass under
5-10 ft Levitation
Allows small animals to pass under
10-27 ft Levitation
Allows medium animals to pass under
50ft Levitation
Allows large animals, humans to pass
The tracks have less impact on the environment because the elevated models (50ft in the air) allows all animals to pass, low models ( 5-10 ft) allow small animals to pass, they use less land than conventional trains, and they can follow the landscape better than regular trains since it can climb 10% gradients (while other trains can only climb 4 gradients) and can handle tighter turns.

44. The train makes little noise because it does not touch the track and it has no motor. Therefore, all noise comes from moving air. This sound is equivalent to the noise produced by city traffic.

45. Magnetic Field:
The magnetic field created is low, therefore there are no adverse effects.

46. MagLev vs. Conventional Trains
MagLev Trains
Conventional Trains
No Friction = Less Maintenance
Routine Maintenance
Needed
No Engine = No fuel required
Engine requires fossil fuels
Speeds in excess of
300 mph
Speeds up to 110 mph

47. Summary
Magnetic levitation (maglev) trains have been under development for many years in Germany and Japan for high-speed rail systems.
Maglev would offer many advantages as compared to conventional rail systems or inter-city air travel.
The cost and complexity of presently developed high-speed maglev trains has slowed their deployment.
The Inductrack maglev system, employing simple arrays of permanent magnets, may offer an economic alternative to existing maglev systems.
The simplicity of the Inductrack may make it attractive for use in a variety of applications, including urban maglev systems, people movers, and point-to-point shipment of high-value freight
The Inductrack, employing Halbach arrays, is an example of a practical application of the results of fundamental studies in magnetics and particle-accelerator physics.

48. References
Bonsor, Kevin. “How Maglev Trains Work”. 5 September, <
Keating, Oliver. “Maglevs (Magnetically Levitated Trains)”. 16 June, <
Disney Online. “California Screamin’”. August, <
MagLev Systems. “Electromagnetic Systems”. General Atomics and Affiliated Companies <
Lockhem tech.