1. Animal Reproduction HW 3 & midterm2 (Harry Potter Punnet square questions)HW 3 & midterm2 (Harry Potter Punnet square questions) Today, will tie many concepts together & build upon them in reproduction.Today, will tie many concepts together & build upon them in reproduction. We will cover:We will cover:  Reproduction Reproduction  Sexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction  The Human Reproductive System The Human Reproductive System The Human Reproductive System

2. Reproduction The purpose of reproduction -to create new life (offspring) to pass DNA from P to F1.The purpose of reproduction -to create new life (offspring) to pass DNA from P to F1. From the simplest bacteria to humans, is how living things create their offspring.From the simplest bacteria to humans, is how living things create their offspring. How the DNA from P is passed to the F1.How the DNA from P is passed to the F1. Does anyone have a dead parent or grand?Does anyone have a dead parent or grand? If so, a part is still alive. Their genes, their DNA is alive within their descendents.If so, a part is still alive. Their genes, their DNA is alive within their descendents.

3. How does this whiptail lizard reproduce (it’s found in the American SW)? Other lizards.Other lizards

4. Asexual Reproduction Some animals can reproduce asexually, producing offspring genetically identical to their parent (clones).Some animals can reproduce asexually, producing offspring genetically identical to their parent (clones). Disadvantage -no genetic diversity is produced.Disadvantage -no genetic diversity is produced. Advantage –if the genotype is well adapted to the environment, this keeps the genotype.Advantage –if the genotype is well adapted to the environment, this keeps the genotype.

5. Asexual Reproduction Methods of asexual reproduction:Methods of asexual reproduction:  budding (yeast, some plants)  regeneration,  and parthenogenesis. (whiptail lizards)

6. Sexual Reproduction Sexual reproduction consists of:Sexual reproduction consists of:  gametogenesis (gamete formation),  mating,  and fertilization. Gametogenesis and fertilization are similar in all animals.Gametogenesis and fertilization are similar in all animals. Mating has a great variety of anatomical, physiological, and behavioral adaptations.Mating has a great variety of anatomical, physiological, and behavioral adaptations.

7. Sexual Reproduction Advantage -genetic diversity is created by:Advantage -genetic diversity is created by:  recombination of genes during gametogenesis (crossing over)  independent assortment of chromosomes.  mating and fertilization in that two genomes are used.

8. Sexual Reproduction Disadvantages:Disadvantages:  If the genotype is well adapted to the environment, it is broken by sexual reproduction.  It may be hard to find a mate.  Only half your genome is passed to the offspring (asexual passes all of it).

9. Sexual Reproduction Gametogenesis occurs in testes and ovaries.Gametogenesis occurs in testes and ovaries. In spermatogenesis and oogenesis, the primary germ cells proliferate mitotically, undergo meiosis, and mature into gametes. In spermatogenesis and oogenesis, the primary germ cells proliferate mitotically, undergo meiosis, and mature into gametes. Review next two FiguresReview next two Figures

10. Figure 42.4 – Part 1 Spermatogenesis figure 42-04a.jpg

11. Figure 42.4 – Part 2 figure 42-04b.jpg Oogenesis

12. Sexual Reproduction Spermatogonia continue to proliferate by mitosis throughout the male’s lifespan.Spermatogonia continue to proliferate by mitosis throughout the male’s lifespan. Each primary spermatocyte can produce four haploid sperm in meiosis.Each primary spermatocyte can produce four haploid sperm in meiosis. Millions of sperm produced daily.Millions of sperm produced daily. Review Spermatogenesis.Review Spermatogenesis.Spermatogenesis

13. Sexual Reproduction Primary oocytes immediately enter prophase of the first meiotic division, and in many species (humans), their development is arrested till puberty.Primary oocytes immediately enter prophase of the first meiotic division, and in many species (humans), their development is arrested till puberty. Each oogonium produces only one egg in meiosis. Review Oogenesis.Each oogonium produces only one egg in meiosis. Review Oogenesis.Oogenesis

14. Overview MaleMale  Testes  Sperm produced  300 million released FemaleFemale  Ovaries  One egg produced  About every 28 days  Oviduct  Sperm encounter egg FertilizationFertilization

15. Sexual Reproduction Hermaphroditic species have both male and female reproductive systems in the same individual.Hermaphroditic species have both male and female reproductive systems in the same individual. Hermaphrodites may be:Hermaphrodites may be: 1. sequential switch between male & female, some fish switch between male & female, some fish 2. or simultaneous male & female at the same time male & female at the same time earthworms. earthworms.

16. 1.common in aquatic species. 2.protects gametes from desiccation and heat. 3.mating behaviors assure sperm and egg unite. Fertilization can occur externally:

17. Fertilization can occur: internally 1.Necessary in terrestrial species. Terrestrial species have to keep the gametes and developing egg from drying out, so they to use internal fertilization usually involving copulation.Terrestrial species have to keep the gametes and developing egg from drying out, so they to use internal fertilization usually involving copulation. Copulation -males deliver semen into the female reproductive tract.Copulation -males deliver semen into the female reproductive tract.

18. Sexual Reproduction Copulation brings the sperm and egg into close proximity.Copulation brings the sperm and egg into close proximity. The shelled egg -an important adaptation to the terrestrial environment (desiccation).The shelled egg -an important adaptation to the terrestrial environment (desiccation). Yet, the egg must be fertilized before shell formation.Yet, the egg must be fertilized before shell formation. All mammals except monotremes do not produce shelled eggs, retain the embryo internally.All mammals except monotremes do not produce shelled eggs, retain the embryo internally.

19. Mammalian and Human Reproduction Copulation -males deliver semen into the female reproductive tract.Copulation -males deliver semen into the female reproductive tract. Semen consists of sperm suspended in a fluid that nourishes them and facilitates fertilization.Semen consists of sperm suspended in a fluid that nourishes them and facilitates fertilization.

20. Figure 42.8 figure 42-08.jpg CourseContent

21. The foreskin or prepuce is absent after circumcisionoreskin or prepucecircumcision

22. Spermatogenesis Tubules in testesTubules in testes  Primary spermatocytes  Mitosis produces constant supply  Secondary spermatocytes  After first stage of meiosis  Two haploid cells  Sperm  After second stage of meiosis  Four haploid cells  Millions produced daily

23. Figure 42.9 – Part 2 figure 42-09b.jpg

24. OogenesisOvaries Prior to birthPrior to birth  Primary oocytes—by mitosis  Begin first meiotic division After puberty (about one/month)After puberty (about one/month)  Completion of first meiotic division  Secondary oocyte and polar body  Secondary meiotic division begins  Released into oviduct during ovulation  Completes meiotic division after fertilization by sperm

25. The Human Reproductive System Eggs mature in the female’s ovariesEggs mature in the female’s ovaries are released into the oviducts, which deliver the eggs to the uterus.are released into the oviducts, which deliver the eggs to the uterus. Sperm deposited in the vagina move through the cervix into the uterus, some continuing up through the oviducts.Sperm deposited in the vagina move through the cervix into the uterus, some continuing up through the oviducts. Egg secondary meiotic division completed after fertilization by spermEgg secondary meiotic division completed after fertilization by sperm

26. Figure 42.11 figure 42-11.jpg

27. Figure 42.12 figure 42-12.jpg

28. Figure 42.13 – Part 1

29. FertilizationOvum Follicle cells and coatingFollicle cells and coating Much larger than spermMuch larger than spermSperm Millions releasedMillions released Only hundreds reach ovumOnly hundreds reach ovum AcrosomeAcrosome  Front tip of sperm—contains enzymes  Digest outer covering Fertilization Two nuclei fuseTwo nuclei fuse

30. Mate Selection Important for successful reproductionImportant for successful reproduction  Providing parental care and sustenance

31. Mate Selection Important for successful reproductionImportant for successful reproduction  Ensures quality of genes  Investment of female vs. male in reproduction  Many animals—females choose more carefully, invest a lot more than male  Some animals mate for life

32. Human Sexual Behavior Human sexual responses consist of: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.Human sexual responses consist of: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. Males have a refractory period during which renewed excitement is not possible.Males have a refractory period during which renewed excitement is not possible.

33. Human Sexual Behavior Methods to prevent pregnancy includeMethods to prevent pregnancy include  abstention from copulation  or use of technologies, review Table 42.1

34. Table 42.1 table 42-01.jpg