1. Animal Reproduction Terms
Animal Science

2. Reproduction: when organisms multiply or produce offspring
Sexual Reproduction: involves the union of a male and female gamete
Asexual reproduction: does not involve gametes
-Ex. Simple cell division

3. Copulation: The mating of a male and female
The male gamete (sperm) is placed in the reproductive tract of the female
Sperm moves toward egg cell
Fertilization: occurs when sperm penetrates the egg cell

4. Embryo: the new animal
Parturition: act of giving birth
final step in reproduction

5. Male Reproduction Parts
Scrotum: saclike part of the male reproduction system
Outside the body cavity
Contains the testicles and epididymis
Sterile: cannot produce live sperm
Ridgeling/ Ridgel: male with 1 or both testicles held in the body cavity

6. Cryptorchidism: when a male has 1 or both testicles held in the body cavity
Testicles: produce sperm - produce hormone – testosterone
chemical compounds that help regulate body functions

7. Epididymis – tube connected to each testicle
Sperm cells stored here while they mature
Vas deferens – connects epididymis with urethra
Spermatic cord – sheath that protects vas deferens

8. Urethra – tube carries urine from bladder
- Found in both males and females
- Semen also moves through the urethra
Accessory glands - create fluids for certain tasks
- Seminal vesicles – open into urethra
- Fluid protects and transports sperm
- Prostate gland – near the urethra and bladder
- Fluid mixed w/ seminal fluid
- Cowper’s gland – Fluid moves ahead of seminal fluid
- Fluid cleans and neutralizes urethra

9. Semen – mixture of seminal and prostate fluid and sperm
Penis – deposits semen w/in female reprod. System
Signoid flexure – extend penis from sheath
Retractor muscle – extend penis from sheath
Draws penis back into sheath after copulation
Sheath – tubular fold of skin

10. Female Reproductive Parts
Female parts are very different from male parts
Produces female gametes / sex cells - eggs
Must provide a place for fetus to grow

11. Fetus – embryo in later stages Ovaries – cow has 2
- Hundreds of tiny follicles
- Produce eggs
- 2 Female sex hormones are also produced here
- Estrogen & Progesterone

12. Ovaries also form the Corpus Luteum Oviducts – 2 tubes
Carry eggs from ovaries to uterus
Fallopian tubes
Infundibulum
Funnel-shaped end of each oviduct that is close to the ovary

13. Uterus – place for fetus to grow
- Womb
- Has 2 horns or branches that are connected to oviducts
Cervix – neck of the uterus
- Separates uterus from vagina
Vagina – passage between cervix and vulva
- Fetus passes through at birth
Vulva - external opening of the reproductive & urinary systems

14. Breeding Estrus Cycle Estrus – also known as heat
Time during which the female will accept the male for copulation
Begins when old enough to be bred
Begins when a follicle on the ovary begins to develop
Estrogen causes the animal to show signs of heat

15. Ovulation – release of the egg cell from the ovary
# of young indicates # of egg cells
Usually near end of cycle
Follicle breaks open & releases egg into oviduct

16. After ovulation corpus luteum forms on ovary
- Releases progesterone
1) Fertilized egg implanted in uterus
2) Other eggs are stopped from forming
3) Maintain pregnant condition
4) Begin development of mammary glands -produce milk

17. Atrophy -wastes away -if not fert.
Fraternal twins – animal releases more than 1 egg at ovulation
Identical twins – egg cell divides to form 2 animals

18. Fertilization – union of sperm and egg cells
Occurs in infundibulum – 1 sperm cell
Gestation – time during pregnancy
Umbilical cord – carries nutrients through blood vessels and oxygen & carry off waste
Placenta – attached to umbilical cord
Diffusion – movement of food, oxygen, and wastes from areas of high concentration to low

19. Parturition – process of giving birth
Progesterone decreases
Estrogen increases – uterine muscles contract
Umbilical cord birth
- Colostrum – 1st milk
- Rich in antibodies, vitamins, & minerals needed
- Antibodies – substances that protect animal from infections and poisons
- Afterbirth – placenta and other membranes not expelled