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Animals: The Chordata Phylum Review
Chapters 30-32:
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Chordata Vertebrates fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
internal bony skeleton backbone encasing spinal column skull-encased brain deuterostome hollow dorsal nerve cord becomes brain & spinal cord becomes gills or Eustachian tube pharyngeal pouches becomes vertebrae postanal tail becomes tail or tailbone notochord
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Vertebrates: Fish Characteristics body structure body function
450 mya salmon, trout, sharks Vertebrates: Fish Characteristics body structure bony & cartilaginous skeleton jaws & paired appendages (fins) scales body function gills for gas exchange two-chambered heart; single loop blood circulation ectotherms reproduction external fertilization external development in aquatic egg gills body
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Transition to Land Evolution of tetrapods Lobe-finned fish
Tibia Femur Fibula Humerus Shoulder Radius Ulna Pelvis Lobe-finned fish Early amphibian
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Vertebrates: Amphibian
350 mya frogs salamanders toads Vertebrates: Amphibian lung buccal cavity glottis closed Characteristics body structure legs (tetrapods) moist skin body function lungs (positive pressure) & diffusion through skin for gas exchange three-chambered heart; veins from lungs back to heart ectotherms reproduction external fertilization external development in aquatic egg metamorphosis (tadpole to adult)
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Vertebrates: Reptiles
250 mya dinosaurs, turtles lizards, snakes alligators, crocodile Vertebrates: Reptiles Characteristics body structure dry skin, scales, armor body function lungs for gas exchange thoracic breathing; negative pressure three-chambered heart ectotherms reproduction internal fertilization external development in amniotic egg embryo leathery shell chorion allantois yolk sac amnion
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Vertebrates: Birds (Aves)
150 mya finches, hawk ostrich, turkey Vertebrates: Birds (Aves) Characteristics body structure feathers & wings thin, hollow bone; flight skeleton body function very efficient lungs & air sacs four-chambered heart endotherms reproduction internal fertilization external development in amniotic egg trachea anterior air sacs lung posterior
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Vertebrates: Mammals Characteristics body structure body function
220 mya / 65 mya mice, ferret elephants, bats whales, humans Vertebrates: Mammals Characteristics body structure hair specialized teeth body function lungs, diaphragm; negative pressure four-chambered heart endotherms reproduction internal fertilization internal development in uterus nourishment through placenta birth live young mammary glands make milk muscles contract diaphragm contracts
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Vertebrates: Mammals Sub-groups monotremes marsupials placental
egg-laying mammals lack placenta & true nipples duckbilled platypus, echidna marsupials pouched mammals offspring feed from nipples in pouch short-lived placenta koala, kangaroo, opossum placental true placenta nutrient & waste filter shrews, bats, whales, humans
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Vertebrate quick check…
Which vertebrates lay eggs with shells? Which vertebrates are covered with scales? What adaptations do birds have for flying? What kind of symmetry do all vertebrates have? Which vertebrates are ectothermic and which are endothermic Why must amphibians live near water? What reproductive adaptations made mammals very successful? What characteristics distinguish the 3 sub-groups of mammals?
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Comparing Chordates Chapter 33:
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Evolutionary Trends in Vertebrates
Adaptive Radiation: process by which a single species or small group of species evolves into several different forms that live in different ways Rapid growth in the diversity of a group of organisms Convergent Evolution: process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments
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Body Temperature & Homeostasis
The control of body temperature is important for maintaining homeostasis in vertebrates… Particularly in habitats where temperature varies widely within time of day and with season
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Body Temperature & Homeostasis
Ectotherm: animal that relies on interactions with the environment to help it control body temperature (“cold blooded”) Reptiles, fishes and amphibians
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Body Temperature & Homeostasis
Endotherm: animal that generates its own body heat and controls its body temperature from within (“warm blooded”) Birds and mammals
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Feeding Skulls and teeth adapted for feeding on a much wider assortment of foods
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Respiration Aquatic chordates: tunicates, fishes, and amphibian larvae
GILLS Land vertebrates: adult amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals LUNGS
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Circulation Single-loop Circulation Double-loop Circulation
Heart Chambers (3 or 4)
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Excretion Carried out by the kidneys
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Response Nonvertebrate chordates have a relatively simple nervous system with a mass of nerve cells that form a brain Vertebrates have a more complex brain with distinct regions, each with a different function
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Movement The skeletal and muscular system support a vertebrate’s body and make it possible to control movement
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Reproduction Almost all chordates reproduce sexually
Oviparous: eggs develop outside the mother’s body Ovoviviparous: eggs develop within the mother’s body –young born alive Viviparous: embryos obtain nutrients directly from the mother’s body-young born alive
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Animal Behavior Chapter 34:
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Elements of Behavior Behavior: the way an organism reacts to changes in its internal condition or external environment Stimulus: any kind of detectable sign that carries information Response: single, specific reaction to a stimulus
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Types of Stimuli Light Sound Odors Heat THE SENSES
Some are different for different animals; i.e. echolocation in dolphins
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How Animals Respond When an animal responds to a stimulus, the body systems… sense organs nervous system muscles …interact to produce the resulting behavior
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Behavior and Evolution
Innate Behavior: instinct, or inborn behavior; behavior that appears in a fully functional form the first time it is performed Learned Behavior: behavior that is altered as a result of experience
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Classical conditioning
Learned Behavior Habituation Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Insight learning
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Habituation Learning process by which an animal decreases or stops its response to a repetitive stimulus that neither rewards nor harms it
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Classical Conditioning
Learning process in which an animal makes a mental connection between a stimulus and some kind of reward or punishment
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Operant Conditioning Learning process in which an animal learns to behave in a certain way through repeated practice, in order to receive a reward or avoid punishment Trial-and-error learning
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Insight Learning Learning process in which an animal applies something it has already learned to a new situation without a period of trial and error Reasoning
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Imprinting Learning based on early experience
Once imprinting has occurred, the behavior cannot be changed
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Competition and Aggression
Patterns of Behavior Behavioral Cycles Courtship Social Behavior Competition and Aggression Communication
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Behavioral Cycles Many animals respond to periodic changes in the environment with daily or seasonal cycles of behavior Migration: periodic movement and return of animals from one place to another Circadian Rhythm: behavioral cycle that occurs in a daily pattern; i.e. sleep
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Courtship Type of behavior in which an animal sends out stimuli…
Sounds Visual displays, or Chemicals …in order to attract a member of the opposite sex
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Social Behavior Usually members of a society are related to one another Related individuals share a large proportion of each other’s genes Helping a relative survive increases the chance that the genes an individual shares with that relative will be passed along to offspring
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Competition and Aggression
Territory: specific area occupied and protected by an animal or group of animals Aggression: threatening behavior that one animal uses to gain control over another
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Communication Passing of information from one organism to another
Visual signals Chemical signals Sound signals Language**
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Animal Behavior Terminology
Anything an animal does in response to a stimulus in its environment Innate behavior Inherited behavior of animals (instinctive) Ex. The way a toad catches its prey. Fight-or-flight response Preparation of the body to either fight or run from the danger Controlled by hormones
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Animal Behavior Terminology
Instinct A complex pattern of innate behavior that begins with a stimulus and continues until all responses have been completed Ex. Migration, aggressive behavior, courtship behavior, circadian rhythm, and territorial behavior Circadian rhythm A 24-hour cycle of behavior, cycle of sleeping and wakefulness Mimicry The resemblance of one organism to another or to an object in its surroundings for concealment and protection from predators
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Animal Behavior Terminology
Migration The instinctive seasonal movement of animals Ex. Birds, Pacific salmon Hibernation A state in which the body temperature drops substantially, oxygen consumption decreases, and breathing rates decline to a few breaths per minute in order to conserve energy Ex. Bears Habituation A repeated stimulus that the animal finally ceases to respond to
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Animal Behavior Terminology
Imprinting When an animal at a critical time of its life forms a social attachment to another object Ex. Ducklings attachment to its mother Conditioning Learning by association Insight Learning when an animal uses previous experiences to respond to a new situation
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