1. Animals: The Chordata Phylum Review
Chapters 30-32:

2. Chordata Vertebrates fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
internal bony skeleton
backbone encasing spinal column
skull-encased brain
deuterostome
hollow dorsal
nerve cord
becomes brain & spinal cord
becomes gills or Eustachian tube
pharyngeal
pouches
becomes vertebrae
postanal
tail
becomes tail or tailbone
notochord

3. Vertebrates: Fish Characteristics body structure body function
450 mya
salmon, trout, sharks
Vertebrates: Fish
Characteristics
body structure
bony & cartilaginous skeleton
jaws & paired appendages (fins)
scales
body function
gills for gas exchange
two-chambered heart; single loop blood circulation
ectotherms
reproduction
external fertilization
external development in aquatic egg
gills
body

4. Transition to Land Evolution of tetrapods Lobe-finned fish
Tibia
Femur
Fibula
Humerus
Shoulder
Radius
Ulna
Pelvis
Lobe-finned fish
Early amphibian

5. Vertebrates: Amphibian
350 mya
frogs
salamanders toads
Vertebrates: Amphibian
lung
buccal
cavity
glottis
closed
Characteristics
body structure
legs (tetrapods)
moist skin
body function
lungs (positive pressure) & diffusion through skin for gas exchange
three-chambered heart; veins from lungs back to heart
ectotherms
reproduction
external fertilization
external development in aquatic egg
metamorphosis (tadpole to adult)

6. Vertebrates: Reptiles
250 mya
dinosaurs, turtles
lizards, snakes
alligators, crocodile
Vertebrates: Reptiles
Characteristics
body structure
dry skin, scales, armor
body function
lungs for gas exchange
thoracic breathing; negative pressure
three-chambered heart
ectotherms
reproduction
internal fertilization
external development in amniotic egg
embryo
leathery
shell
chorion
allantois
yolk sac
amnion

7. Vertebrates: Birds (Aves)
150 mya
finches, hawk
ostrich, turkey
Vertebrates: Birds (Aves)
Characteristics
body structure
feathers & wings
thin, hollow bone; flight skeleton
body function
very efficient lungs & air sacs
four-chambered heart
endotherms
reproduction
internal fertilization
external development in amniotic egg
trachea
anterior
air sacs
lung
posterior

8. Vertebrates: Mammals Characteristics body structure body function
220 mya / 65 mya
mice, ferret
elephants, bats whales, humans
Vertebrates: Mammals
Characteristics
body structure
hair
specialized teeth
body function
lungs, diaphragm; negative pressure
four-chambered heart
endotherms
reproduction
internal fertilization
internal development in uterus
nourishment through placenta
birth live young
mammary glands make milk
muscles
contract
diaphragm
contracts

9. Vertebrates: Mammals Sub-groups monotremes marsupials placental
egg-laying mammals
lack placenta & true nipples
duckbilled platypus, echidna
marsupials
pouched mammals
offspring feed from nipples in pouch
short-lived placenta
koala, kangaroo, opossum
placental
true placenta
nutrient & waste filter
shrews, bats, whales, humans

10. Vertebrate quick check…
Which vertebrates lay eggs with shells?
Which vertebrates are covered with scales?
What adaptations do birds have for flying?
What kind of symmetry do all vertebrates have?
Which vertebrates are ectothermic and which are endothermic
Why must amphibians live near water?
What reproductive adaptations made mammals very successful?
What characteristics distinguish the 3 sub-groups of mammals?

11. Comparing Chordates
Chapter 33:

12. Evolutionary Trends in Vertebrates
Adaptive Radiation: process by which a single species or small group of species evolves into several different forms that live in different ways
Rapid growth in the diversity of a group of organisms
Convergent Evolution: process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments

13. Body Temperature & Homeostasis
The control of body temperature is important for maintaining homeostasis in vertebrates…
Particularly in habitats where temperature varies widely within time of day and with season

14. Body Temperature & Homeostasis
Ectotherm: animal that relies on interactions with the environment to help it control body temperature (“cold blooded”)
Reptiles, fishes and amphibians

15. Body Temperature & Homeostasis
Endotherm: animal that generates its own body heat and controls its body temperature from within (“warm blooded”)
Birds and mammals

16. Feeding
Skulls and teeth adapted for feeding on a much wider assortment of foods

17. Respiration Aquatic chordates: tunicates, fishes, and amphibian larvae
GILLS
Land vertebrates: adult amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals
LUNGS

18. Circulation Single-loop Circulation Double-loop Circulation
Heart Chambers (3 or 4)

19. Excretion
Carried out by the kidneys

20. Response
Nonvertebrate chordates have a relatively simple nervous system with a mass of nerve cells that form a brain
Vertebrates have a more complex brain with distinct regions, each with a different function

21. Movement
The skeletal and muscular system support a vertebrate’s body and make it possible to control movement

22. Reproduction Almost all chordates reproduce sexually
Oviparous: eggs develop outside the mother’s body
Ovoviviparous: eggs develop within the mother’s body –young born alive
Viviparous: embryos obtain nutrients directly from the mother’s body-young born alive

23. Animal Behavior
Chapter 34:

24. Elements of Behavior
Behavior: the way an organism reacts to changes in its internal condition or external environment
Stimulus: any kind of detectable sign that carries information
Response: single, specific reaction to a stimulus

25. Types of Stimuli Light Sound Odors Heat THE SENSES
Some are different for different animals; i.e. echolocation in dolphins

26. How Animals Respond
When an animal responds to a stimulus, the body systems…
sense organs
nervous system
muscles
…interact to produce the resulting behavior

27. Behavior and Evolution
Innate Behavior: instinct, or inborn behavior; behavior that appears in a fully functional form the first time it is performed
Learned Behavior: behavior that is altered as a result of experience

28. Classical conditioning
Learned Behavior
Habituation
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Insight learning

29. Habituation
Learning process by which an animal decreases or stops its response to a repetitive stimulus that neither rewards nor harms it

30. Classical Conditioning
Learning process in which an animal makes a mental connection between a stimulus and some kind of reward or punishment

32. Operant Conditioning
Learning process in which an animal learns to behave in a certain way through repeated practice, in order to receive a reward or avoid punishment
Trial-and-error learning

33. Insight Learning
Learning process in which an animal applies something it has already learned to a new situation without a period of trial and error
Reasoning

34. Imprinting Learning based on early experience
Once imprinting has occurred, the behavior cannot be changed

35. Competition and Aggression
Patterns of Behavior
Behavioral Cycles
Courtship
Social Behavior
Competition and Aggression
Communication

36. Behavioral Cycles
Many animals respond to periodic changes in the environment with daily or seasonal cycles of behavior
Migration: periodic movement and return of animals from one place to another
Circadian Rhythm: behavioral cycle that occurs in a daily pattern; i.e. sleep

37. Courtship Type of behavior in which an animal sends out stimuli…
Sounds
Visual displays, or
Chemicals
…in order to attract a member of the opposite sex

38. Social Behavior
Usually members of a society are related to one another
Related individuals share a large proportion of each other’s genes
Helping a relative survive increases the chance that the genes an individual shares with that relative will be passed along to offspring

39. Competition and Aggression
Territory: specific area occupied and protected by an animal or group of animals
Aggression: threatening behavior that one animal uses to gain control over another

40. Communication Passing of information from one organism to another
Visual signals
Chemical signals
Sound signals
Language**

41. Animal Behavior Terminology
Anything an animal does in response to a stimulus in its environment
Innate behavior
Inherited behavior of animals (instinctive)
Ex. The way a toad catches its prey.
Fight-or-flight response
Preparation of the body to either fight or run from the danger
Controlled by hormones

42. Animal Behavior Terminology
Instinct
A complex pattern of innate behavior that begins with a stimulus and continues until all responses have been completed
Ex. Migration, aggressive behavior, courtship behavior, circadian rhythm, and territorial behavior
Circadian rhythm
A 24-hour cycle of behavior, cycle of sleeping and wakefulness
Mimicry
The resemblance of one organism to another or to an object in its surroundings for concealment and protection from predators

43. Animal Behavior Terminology
Migration
The instinctive seasonal movement of animals
Ex. Birds, Pacific salmon
Hibernation
A state in which the body temperature drops substantially, oxygen consumption decreases, and breathing rates decline to a few breaths per minute in order to conserve energy
Ex. Bears
Habituation
A repeated stimulus that the animal finally ceases to respond to

44. Animal Behavior Terminology
Imprinting
When an animal at a critical time of its life forms a social attachment to another object
Ex. Ducklings attachment to its mother
Conditioning
Learning by association
Insight
Learning when an animal uses previous experiences to respond to a new situation