1. Strangles “a sore throat with a vengeance” Colin Mitchell BVM&S MRCVS Hexham

2. Strangles Cause Epidemiology Clinical signs Diagnosis Notification Complications

3. Strangles Disease transmission Prevention Control of infection Treatment Confirmation of freedom from disease

4. Cause Bacteria Streptococcus equi Severity of infection related to health & inherent resistance of the individual horse, rather than variations in the organism itself

5. Epidemiology Highly contagious – spread by direct and indirect contact 1.Carrier animals main source of infection – carried in guttural pouch for up to 5 years 2.Survives well in moist discharges – will survive for 7 – 9 weeks on wood, depending on temperature

6. Clinical Signs Incubation period 3 – 10 days High temperatures ( > 103 F ) Depression / inappetance Nasal discharge Enlarged lymph nodes on head Difficulty swallowing Noisy breathing

7. Nasal Discharge

8. Enlarged Lymph Nodes

9. Diagnosis Clinical signs Culture bacteria from the pus of abscessated lymph nodes, nasal discharge or throat swabs Swabs – extra long shaft and absorbent heads

10. Naso-pharyngeal swabs

11. Culture swab tips

12. Diagnosis of carrier state Sequential throat swabs Endoscopic examination & guttural pouch washes

13. Notification No legal notification procedures Advisable to inform the relevant breeders association if infection occurs

14. Complications Less common – up to 8% of cases Infection usually restricted to head and neck Can spread to lungs, muscles, heart, kidneys and intestines These complications can be fatal

15. Disease Transmission “can it spread from horse to horse?”

17. Strangles NOT a zoonosis Our throats and lymph nodes are quite safe!

18. Disease Transmission Direct Contact horse – horse fairly close contact between infected and susceptible animals Indirect Contact Personnel Equipment Water troughs

19. Disease Transmission Bacteria shed from draining abscesses and the nose Survives in the environment for example : bacteria survive on wood for up to 9 weeks, depending on temperature Good hygiene is essential in controlling the disease

20. Do all horses have draining abscesses?

21. Disease Dynamics infection healthyincubationsignshealthy

22. Disease Dynamics infection healthyincubationsignshealthy susceptiblelatentinfectiousimmune, then susc

23. Disease Dynamics infection healthyincubationsignshealthy susceptiblelatentinfectiousimmune, then susc susceptiblelatentinfectious “carriers”

24. Prevention ALL horses entering any premises should be monitored closely during the period immediately after arrival. Any horse that develops a nasal discharge should be separated and swabbed by a vet for presence of Strep equi.

25. Control of infection Why even attempt to control ?

26. Control of infection Why even attempt to control ? 1.Animal welfare 2.Financial complications

27. Control of infection Can limit spread by early detection of shedders among newly affected horses and their in-contacts Segregate suspected cases immediately All infected horses and their in-contacts should remain in strict isolation. Horses should not enter an affected premises unless can be isolated

28. Control of infection Due to chronic nature and common occurrence of carrier animals, it is impossible to tell when it is safe to mix convalescing horses with others

29. Disease Dynamics infection healthyincubationsignshealthy susceptiblelatentinfectiousimmune, then susc susceptiblelatentinfectious “carriers”

30. Control of infection No infected or in-contact animal should be released from isolation until three consecutive negative swabs have been taken over a 2 week period Carrier animals can retain potential to spread disease, even after 3 negative swabs Need endoscopic examination

31. Treatment Depends on stage of disease Controversial area Some ( ? a minority of ? ) vets consider antibiotics to be detrimental

32. My approach 1.Horses with early clinical signs : ( nasal discharge / difficulty swallowing ) Intra-muscular penicillin May inhibit formation of natural immunity

33. My approach 2. Horses with lymph node abscesses : Drainage and flushing of abscesses Antibiotics may prolong time to taken for abscesses to resolve

34. My approach 3. Horses exposed to Strep equi : Treat with penicillin until isolated from infected horses

35. My approach 4. Horses with complications : Therapy aimed at specific problems

36. Treatment General nursing Clean nose / abscesses Change water frequently Feed soft, palatable feeds Recovery usually takes 4 weeks

37. Free from disease ??? Shedding of the bacteria usually ends rapidly after recovery, although it may be intermittent. No convalescent horse, or in-contact, can be considered free from infection until had three negative swabs over a 2 week interval. But, carriers can still exist

38. Immunity 75% of horses that have the disease, won’t develop the disease again for at least 4 years

39. Vaccination Not available in UK Short duration of immunity Still see disease where vaccine used Serious side – effects Unknown effect on carrier animals

40. Conclusions Outwardly healthy carriers pose real problems Vaccine not straightforward Control measures are effective but expensive

41. When I grow up……..