1. Animal Reproduction and Development

2. Overview Asexual Reproduction Binary fission budding fragmentation &
regeneration
Sexual Reproduction
Gametogenesis- production of egg and sperm

4. Reproductive cycles
Hermaphroditism both male & female reproductive systems; sessile & burrowing organisms (earthworms)

5. Parthenogenesis Egg development without fertilization Aphid Daphnia
Honeybee
Whiptail lizard
Parthenogenic lizard

6. Sequential hermaphroditism: an individual reverses its sex during its lifetime.
Protandrous: male to female
Protogynous: female to male

7. Mechanisms of sexual reproduction
Fertilization • external-outside the body
 internal- inside the body
Pheromones chemical signals that influence the behavior of others (mate attractants)

8. Regulating Hormones Testosterone in males
Progesterone and estrogen in females

9. Spermatogenesis

10. Hormonal Control of Spermatogenesis
Hypothalamus
Gonadotropin Releasing hormone
Anterior Pituitary
Luteinizing
Hormone
Follicle stimulating
hormone

11. Oogenesis in the Ovary

12. Female Hormonal Cycle Follicle Stimulating Hormone Luteinizing Hormone
Ovary
Estrogen

13. The female pattern Estrous cycles (many mammals)
Menstrual cycle (humans and many other primates
Ovarian/Menstrual cycles~
1. follicular phase ~follicle growth
2. Ovulation ~ oocyte release
3. luteal phase ~ hormone release

14. Amniote embryos
•yolk sac (support; circulatory function) •amnion (fluid-filled sac; protection) •chorion (placenta formation)
•allantois (nitrogenous waste)

15. Embryonic Development

16. Ultrasound Imagery

17. Teratogens
Substances that may harm the developing fetus and result in the formation of birth defects
Alcohol, certain drugs/medications, infections, and certain chemicals

18. Organogenesis: organ formation
Primitive streak~ invagination of blastodisc
Neural tube~ beginning of spinal cord
Somites~ vertebrae and skeletal muscles
Neural crest~ bones and muscles of skull

19. Morphogenesis and Cell Movement
CAMS- cell adhesion molecules- build tissue
Induction-gene expression and chemical signals bring about differentiation
Restriction of cellular potency- only zygote is totipotent (capable of developing into all cell types)
Organizer regions -signal molecules secreted by this region influence gene expression

20. Stem Cells

21. Limb Formation Limb “buds” form from Apical ectodermal ridge-
in the ectoderm at the tip
Zone of polarizing activity-
mesoderm tissue