1. LARGE DAMS AS A SOURCE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY Glen Singleton, Ph.D., P.Geo., B.C. Hydro Canada

4. International Hydropower Association Note: Wind has now expanded to approximately 1.5%

5. Total world hydropower: 2920 TWh Africa85 TWh/yr Asia950 TWh/yr North & Central America670 TWh/yr South America600 TWh/yr Europe560 TWh/yr Oceania55 TWh/yr WORLD2920 TWh/yr

6. Remaining World hydropower potential = 5660TWh (economically feasible) Africa1015 TWh/yr Asia3050 TWh/yr North & Central America330 TWh/yr South America1000 TWh/yr Europe230 TWh/yr Oceania35 TWh/yr WORLD5660 TWh/yr

8. HYDROPOWER IN CANADA > 12% of Global Hydropower > 12% of Global Hydropower 475 hydro plants. 475 hydro plants. > 370 TWh from over 89 GW of installed capacity. > 370 TWh from over 89 GW of installed capacity. Accounts for ~ 97% clean renewable energy supply in Canada. Accounts for ~ 97% clean renewable energy supply in Canada. ~ 118 GW of technical potential remain. ~ 118 GW of technical potential remain. (Government of Canada, 2009) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity

9. Between 1950-1980, an average of 600 dams / year were built in China. Nearly one-half of the world’s large dams (22,000) are in China. 60% of all dams under construction worldwide are in China or India. China: the world’s hydropower leader US & International Water Institutions EVR 5332–Integrated Solutions for Water in Environment & Development September 24, 2007

10. Country (TWh/yr) Installed Capacity (GW) Percent of all electricity China *China 58517117 Canada 3708961 Brazil 3646986 United States 251806 Russia 1674518 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity (Worldwatch Institute, 2007) ______________________________________________________________ * By the end 2006 China had 40,000 small hydro plants, which accounted for 40 GW. China has 86 GW of large hydro under construction and 40 GW proposed. WORLD’S TOP HYDROPOWER COUNTRIES

11. Most hydro energy comes from large or major dams. > 15 m high (or 10m with crest >500m) > 15 m high (or 10m with crest >500m) > 1 million m 3 storage capacity > 1 million m 3 storage capacity > 2000 m 3 /sec spilling capacity > 2000 m 3 /sec spilling capacity unusual design or foundation problems unusual design or foundation problems

12. Small to micro hydro (~70 GW of over 960 GW of installed capacity) small hydro (50MW-1MW), mini (1MW- 100kW) and micro (less than 100kW) small hydro (50MW-1MW), mini (1MW- 100kW) and micro (less than 100kW) (International Water Power and Dam Construction, 2009)

14. Dam Drawbacks to the Environment Ecosystem Destruction Ecosystem Destruction Fish Blockage and Wildlife Losses Fish Blockage and Wildlife Losses Large-Scale Flooding Due to Dam Failures Large-Scale Flooding Due to Dam Failures Sedimentation and Salinity Sedimentation and Salinity Herbicide and Other Toxic Contamination Herbicide and Other Toxic Contamination Evaporative Losses Evaporative Losses Nutrient Flow Retardation Nutrient Flow Retardation Release of greenhouse gasses Release of greenhouse gasses Report of the World Commission on Dams ( 2000)

15. Dam Drawbacks to Human Communities Human Displacement Human Displacement Flooding of Cultural Sites Flooding of Cultural Sites Social disruption Social disruption Cost overruns Cost overruns Socio-economic centralization Socio-economic centralization Report of the World Commission on Dams (2000)

16. Flooding Land is not renewable

17. Hydropower Advantages Energy source is renewable Energy source is renewable Can contribute to fresh water storage Can contribute to fresh water storage Improve grid stability and flexibility Improve grid stability and flexibility Low pollution and can be low for GHG Low pollution and can be low for GHG Proven technology Proven technology Affordable Affordable

18. BC Hydro’s Coursier Dam – Decommissioned in 2003

19. (Unit costs versus project size – whole sample 1967-1996, from ICOLD, Grand Inga for Africa) )

20. (From: “Large Dams - Learning from the Past, Looking at the Future” IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK and the World Bank Group, Washington, D.C. July 1997) People Displaced / MW Churchill Falls, Canada Three Gorges, China

21. Image from: http://www.photo.net/photo/pcd2882/hoover-dam-aerial- 91 http://www.photo.net/photo/pcd2882/hoover-dam-aerial- 91 http://image09.webshots.com/9/3/0/42/109830042fcnN CG_fs.jpghttp://image09.webshots.com/9/3/0/42/109830042fcnN CG_fs.jpg Barrage, Vadiello Diamer Basha dam. Indus River. Afghanistan. http://www.wilsoncenter.org/events/doc s/Hewitt_presentation.pdf

22. http://image03.webshots.com/3/6/81/12/97968112fZ mUJC_fs.jpg Kununurra Western Australia http://www.kimberleycroc.com.au/activi ties_and_attractions

23. China’s Three Gorges Dam World’s largest dam project. To be completed in 2009. >1 mile wide. ~20,000 MW of installed electricity generation capacity. EVR 5332–Integrated Solutions for Water in Environment & Development September 24, 2007

24. B.C. HYDRO SYSTEM 90% HYDROELECTRIC 30 INTEGRATED GENERATING STATIONS 54% SUPPLY FROM PEACE (2) AND COLUMBIA (2) RIVERS STATIONS 11,000 MW TOTAL INSTALLED CAPACITY

26. Common Concerns

28. Major mitigation methods Mitigation and compensation commitments during licensing. Mitigation and compensation commitments during licensing. Permanent fish and wildlife compensation programs. Permanent fish and wildlife compensation programs. Comprehensive water use plans negotiated with government and public. Comprehensive water use plans negotiated with government and public. Ongoing operational controls and monitoring. Ongoing operational controls and monitoring.

29. Land Impacts per 1,000 GWh Production – Across Resource Options 1. MeasureUnitsBiomassGeotherm.Large Hydro WindSmall Hydro Conserv. Number of Projects#4.02.20.26.026.00.4 Impacted Area – Changed but not Lost ha07,37006,47000 Impacted Area – Lost to Footprint ha09405,900 (920 for run of river) 4,5406100 1. Extracted from BC Hydro 2005 IEP Consultation Process. Large Hydro example changed to reflect data from Mica Dam.

31. MeasureUnitsBiomassGeotherm.Large Hydro WindSmall Hydro Conserv. Number of Projects #8.04.40.412520.8 Unit Energy Costs CAN$ per MWh 68 54706036 Permanent Jobs FTE18040108020100 Socio-Economic Factors per 2,000 GWh Production – Across Resource Options 1. 1. Extracted from BC Hydro 2005 Provincial IEP Committee Consultation.

32. Emission intensity (tonnes GHG/GWh) for renewable generation technologies. Type of Renewable Data SourceEmission Intensity Range Emission Intensity Average Large Hydro (Wuskwatim, Manitoba, Canada) Pembina Institute, 2003 n/a3.8 Large Hydro (Tucurui, Brazil) Bartle (1999)n/a213 WindWorld Energy Council, 2004 7 - 2214 GeothermalHondo (2005)n/a15 Solar Photovoltaics World Energy Council, 2004 43-5548 conventional natural gas = 469 tonnes/GWh (Kulcinski, 2002, University of Wisconsin-Madison)

33. Conclusions Large hydro is an important world wide current and future source of low GHG electricity. Large hydro is an important world wide current and future source of low GHG electricity. Large hydro comes with significant impacts that must be managed. Large hydro comes with significant impacts that must be managed. On a regional/provincial and per unit energy basis, large hydro can be competitive with other renewables. On a regional/provincial and per unit energy basis, large hydro can be competitive with other renewables. Careful planning and mitigation/compensation are required to support large hydro. Careful planning and mitigation/compensation are required to support large hydro.

34. SEA for Planning Large Hydro Provide wider regional planning context for impact assessment. Provide wider regional planning context for impact assessment. Consider interdependencies of supply options. Consider interdependencies of supply options. Assess background sustainability of biophysical and social resources. Assess background sustainability of biophysical and social resources. Early identification of viable alternatives. Early identification of viable alternatives. Can consider transmission grid development Can consider transmission grid development