1. Sectio n 2 Land, Water, Climate

2. Landforms Land covers 30% of the earth.

3. 4 Main Landforms Mountains Hills Plateaus Plains Mountains Hills Plateaus Plains

4. Mountains High relief (highest) 2,000 feet above sea level Himalayas – Central Asia Mt. Everest – 29,028 ft. (highest mountain) High relief (highest) 2,000 feet above sea level Himalayas – Central Asia Mt. Everest – 29,028 ft. (highest mountain)

5. HillsHills Moderate ReliefModerate Relief 500-2,000 ft.500-2,000 ft. Moderate ReliefModerate Relief 500-2,000 ft.500-2,000 ft.

6. Plateaus Low relief Raised areas of flat or almost flat land 300-3,000 ft. Low relief Raised areas of flat or almost flat land 300-3,000 ft.

7. Plains Low relief Large areas of flat or gently rolling land Less than 1,000 ft. Largest Plain – North European Plain (more than 1,000 miles from west coast of France to the Ural Mountains of Russia Low relief Large areas of flat or gently rolling land Less than 1,000 ft. Largest Plain – North European Plain (more than 1,000 miles from west coast of France to the Ural Mountains of Russia

9. Earth’s 3 Layers Core Mantl e Crust Core Mantl e Crust

11. Core Center Inner core – solid rock Outer core – melted rock Center Inner core – solid rock Outer core – melted rock

12. Mantle Made mostly of hot, solid rock

13. Heat from core Rock in mantle begins to rise Puts pressure on crust Causes crust to move in sections- plate tectonics Plates move.8 – 2 inches per year

14. Movement of Plates Move Togethe r Move Apart Slide Past One Another

16. Contine ntal Drift

17. Continental Drift: movement of plates 220 million years ago…220 million years ago… Pangaea – one large land massPangaea – one large land mass Africa & South America moved apartAfrica & South America moved apart India & Asia collided forming….India & Asia collided forming…. Himalayas

18. Volcanoes Created by plate movementCreated by plate movement Cone – shaped mountains made when melted rock (lava) flows up from mantle, cracks the crust, and cools into solid rockCone – shaped mountains made when melted rock (lava) flows up from mantle, cracks the crust, and cools into solid rock Example: the Hawaiian IslandsExample: the Hawaiian Islands

19. Earthquakes Created by plate movementCreated by plate movement Tectonic plates slide past one anotherTectonic plates slide past one another 800,000 earthquakes a year (50,000 can be felt)800,000 earthquakes a year (50,000 can be felt)

20. “Ring of Fire” Pacific Ocean Common Place for earthquakes and volcanoes Pacific Ocean Common Place for earthquakes and volcanoes

22. These plates are still moving. Who knows…. In thousands of years California may be located off the coast of Canada!

23. Outside forces that shape our earth Wind Ice Wate r Erosio n

24. Wind Erosion

25. Wind Erosion – Positive Plains of Northern China – wind carries thick, rich, yellowish soil (loess) from the desert Large amounts of wheat and other crops are grown here

26. Wind Erosion - Negative Dust Bowl of 1930sDust Bowl of 1930s Central U.S. – wind blew away so much soil it became known as Dust BowlCentral U.S. – wind blew away so much soil it became known as Dust Bowl

28. Water Erosion

29. Water Erosion - Positive Mekong River in Southeast AsiaMekong River in Southeast Asia River carries rich soil down from the mountains to lowlands creating fertile farmlandRiver carries rich soil down from the mountains to lowlands creating fertile farmland

31. Water Erosion - Negative Huang Ho River in Northern ChinaHuang Ho River in Northern China Overflows, flooding farms and homesOverflows, flooding farms and homes

35. Ice Erosion

38. Ice Erosion - Positive Ice Ages: 4 times in 500,000 yearsIce Ages: 4 times in 500,000 years Glaciers (sheets of ice) created lakes and channels for rivers; smoothes hills into plainsGlaciers (sheets of ice) created lakes and channels for rivers; smoothes hills into plains

40. Ice Erosion - Negative Ice Ages have driven people and animals from homesIce Ages have driven people and animals from homes

41. How have landforms affected history?

42. 1. People do not settle in mountain because: Travel is difficult Hard to breath; thin air Cold temperatures

43. 2. People did settle in plains and hilly areas because there was rich soil to farm

44. Waterway s 70 % of the earth’s surface is water.

45. Oceans: Largest Bodies of Water Atlantic Pacific Indian Arctic Bodies of Salt Water

46. Seas Partly surrounded by land Salt water

47. Lakes Usually fresh water Completely surrounded by land

48. Rivers Waterway that empties into another body of water Begins in hills or mountains

49. Rivers River System – a river and all streams that flow into it Nile River: Longest river system in the world

50. Waterways help people decide where to live: Trade Travel irrigation Hunting Drinking water Along rivers Why?

51. Climate

52. What shapes climate? Sun Large bodies of water Air movement

53. Climate is the pattern of weather of a place over many years

54. Climate is shaped by the Sun

55. The Sun Produces heat and light The movements of the earth determines how the sun affects climate

56. Rotation Revolution Movements of the Earth

57. Rotation The earth rotates (spins) on its Axis Axis – imaginary line that runs through the center of the earth from North Pole to South Pole 24 hours = 1 rotation Causes day and night

58. Revolution The earth moves around the sun in an almost circular path called an orbit 365 ¼ = 1 revolution Causes seasons

59. Climate Zones

60. Tropical Temperate Polar

61. Climate and Water Large bodies of water keep temperature from becoming too hot or too cold How?

62. Climate / Air Movement / Oceans Wind – air that moves Prevailing winds – blow from certain positions almost all the time Monsoons – winds that change direction according to the seasons

63. Ocean Currents Ocean water that flows in a steady stream Winds and ocean currents carry heat and moisture all over the world

64. Currents from equator to pole carry warm water

65. Currents from pole to equator carry cool water

66. Climate & Altitude Climate is shaped by altitude Higher the altitude – colder the climate

67. Do people live in high altitudes? YES!

68. Incas lived in Andes Mountains because the climate is more comfortable

69. Tarahumara Indians must migrate during cold seasons

70. Precipitation The falling of moisture such as rain or snow Precipitation is affected by altitude

71. Climate Shapes History Types of houses Crops Work clothes Entertainment The way a country behaves to its neighbors wars