2. Biochemistry

3. The Atom  Smallest unit of an ____________  Three particles –Protons (___ charge) –Neutrons (__ charge) –Electrons (__ charge)  _________ contains protons and neutrons

4. Elements  Pure substance consisting of only one type of ___________  Listed in the _______________  Atoms of each element differ by the # of ___________

5. Isotopes  Atoms of an element with different number of __________  Atomic # is the _____; mass # is _________  Most have same chemical properties

6. Radioactive Isotopes  Uses of radioactive isotopes –Dating of rocks and fossils –Treating cancer –Killing bacteria on food –Trace movements of substances within the body

7. Chemical Compounds  Substance of two or more ________ in definite proportions  __________ chemical properties than the original elements  Compound composition given in chemical formula –Examples: ______________

8. Chemical Reactions  Breaking and forming ________________  _______- original elements or compounds  _______- ending elements or compounds

9. Monomer vs Polymer  ___________- basic repeating building block  _________- two monomers connected together  _________- many monomers connected together

10. Dehydration Synthesis  Building larger molecules from smaller ones (requires energy)  Monomer → Polymer

11. Hydrolysis  Break down large molecules into smaller ones (releases energy)  Polymer → Monomer

12. Carbon Compounds Condensation/Synthesis Hydrolysis Monomer Polymer

13. What is So Special About Carbon?  Carbon can bond with ______ other atoms  Creates a great variety of different compounds  Can for complex molecules including __________________________

14. Carbohydrates  Made of C, H, and O in a _________ ratio  Monomers –Monosaccharide –Examples: _______________________  Dimers –Disaccharides –Examples: _______________________  Polymers –Polysaccharides –Examples: _________________________

15. Carbohydrates (cont)

18. CHITIN Cellulose

19. Uses for Carbohydrates  Provide ________ for body functions  Used to build nucleic acids  Other ____________ functions

20. Tests for Carbohydrates  Benedict’s Test for ________ sugars  Iodine Test for __________ Sugars

21. Lipids  Made of C, H, and O (phospholipids have P)  Triglyceride –1 Glycerol, 3 Fatty Acid Chains –Examples: _______________________  Phospholipid –1 Glycerol, 2 Fatty Acid Chains –Example: __________________________  Steroid –4 Carbon ring structure –Example: ____________________________

22. Lipids (cont)

26. Cholesterol Progesterone Testosterone

27. Uses for Lipids  ___________ source  Padding and insulation  Structural  _______________

28. Tests for Lipids  Sudan IV Test  Newspaper Test

29. Nucleic Acid  Made of C, H, O, N and P  Monomer- ___________  DNA –Sugar- Deoxyribose –Nitrogen Bases- _________  RNA –Sugar- Ribose –Nitrogen Bases- __________ Phosphate Sugar Nitrogen Base

30. DNA NUCLEOTIDE = Phosphate = Deoxyribose = Adenine = Guanine = Thymine = Cytosine Purines Pyrimidines

31. DNA STRUCTURE A = T G = C AT G C

32. Nucleic Acid (cont)

34. RNA NUCLEOTIDE = Phosphate = Ribose = Adenine = Guanine = Uracil = Cytosine Purines Pyrimidines

35. RNA STRUCTURE Single-stranded

36. Uses for Nucleic Acids  Genetic code

37. ATP Structure Ribose Phosphates High Energy Bonds Adenine Adenosine

38. ADP

39. AMP

40. Rechargeable Battery

41. Protein  Made of C, H, O, S, and N  Monomer –___________(20 found in body)  Polymer –______________ –Amino Acids are held together by peptide bond

42. Amino Acid Structure C H3N+H3N+ R H COOH

43. Amino Acid Structure

44. Polypeptide H3N+H3N+ R COOH H C H3N+H3N+ R H C H3N+H3N+ R H C H3N+H3N+ R H C

45. Uses for Proteins  Structural  ______________  Transport  _______________

46. Test for Protein Biuret Test

47. Energy of Reactions  Reaction Types –Energy _____________  Rxn is spontaneous (does not mean fast)  Activation energy- energy needed to get the rxn started  At end of the rxn, energy released into environment –Energy _____________  Rxn is not spontaneous  _____________ energy- energy needed to get the rxn started  At end of the rxn, energy absorbed from environment

48. Reaction Diagrams

49. Enzymes  __________ for rxn (speeds it up)  ___________ (reactant) enters active site of enzyme to form enzyme-substrate complex; after rxn product leaves  Enzyme is unchanged

50. Action of Enzymes  Speeds up rxn by _________________________________

51. Enzyme Reaction Rates  Rates can be affected by –________________ –____________ –____________________

52. Dissociation of Water

53. pH Scale  Scale measuring amount of ______(really H 3 O + )  Ranges from _______  Below 7- _______ –Higher H +  Above 7- _______ –Higher OH -  7- ________ –Equal numbers of both