1. Chapter 9: Properties and Used of Water

2. I. Water’s Importance, Availability and Renewal Our liquid planet glows like a soft blue sapphire in the hard-edged darkness of space. There is nothing else like it in the solar system. It is because of water. John Todd https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q54a4PCV9Ac Why is water so important-lifeblood of ecosystem Many Properties Related to Polarity-Strong Hydrogen Bonding

3. This picture shows the size of a sphere that would contain all of Earth's water in comparison to the size of the Earth. The blue sphere sitting on the United States, reaching from about Salt Lake City, Utah to Topeka, Kansas, has a diameter of about 860 miles (about 1,385 kilometers), with a volume of about 332,500,000 cubic miles (1,386,000,000 cubic kilometers). The sphere includes all the water in the oceans, seas, ice caps, lakes and rivers as well as groundwater, atmospheric water, and even the water in you, your dog, and your tomato plant.

4. II. The Global Water Supply  Potentially Renewable Resource  Cycled like other matter-HYDOLOGIC CYCLE

5. II. Groundwater-Potentially Renewable! Aquifer: groundwater exists in the multitude of small spaces found within permeable layers of rock and sediment. Unconfined: water can flow in and out Confined: impermeable layer of rock or clay impedes water flow to or from the aquifer Water Table: uppermost level of ground water; dynamic Groundwater withdraw/mining: removal of water for agriculture and municipal use. Wells-Cone of Depression: drilling to aquifer to tap water supply; if overpumped can cause near by wells to go dry. Recharge: water from precipitation can percolate through soil and replace water that has been withdrawn.

10. The Ogallala Aquifer was formed about 10 million years ago when water flowed onto the highly permeable sand and gravel of the plains from retreating glaciers and streams from the nearby Rocky Mountains. Because of climate change, changes due to erosion and the lack of glacial meltwater, today the Ogallala Aquifer is no longer being recharged by the Rockies.

11. III. Surface Water Streams/ Rivers Humans settled along major rivers for transport and fertile soil Floodplain: land area flooded when rivers overflow banks during snowmelt or heavy rain; deposit nutrient rich sediment. Watershed/Drainage Basin: The land area surrounding a river that drains into the river

13. Ponds/ Lakes Depressions (often from glaciation or tectonic activity) that are filled by precipitation runoff that is not absorbed into ground water.

14. Wetlands/swamps/marshes /bogs: land area that is saturated with water, either permanently or seasonally, such that it takes on the characteristics of a distinct ecosystem Vary because of differences in soils, topography, climate, hydrology, water chemistry, vegetation, and other factors. Economic drivers because of their key role in fishing, hunting, agriculture and recreation.

15. IV. Atmospheric Water Essential to global water distribution Rainfall in many regions follows specific patterns Drought causes loss of human life, livestock, crops. Effects fire and soil erosion. Dust Bowl-1920s and ‘30s Human activities increase risk of flooding Impermeable surfaces due to soil baked by drought or urban / suburban pavement and building

16. V. Humans Alter Availability of Water Levees: enlarged bank built up on each side of a river to control flooding. Mississippi River has largest levee system on world. No deposition by natural flood waters Sediment carried downstream and settle where river enters ocean Prevent flooding at one location by cause it further downstream. Encourage development in floodplains Dikes: similar to levee; prevent ocean water from flooding land http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WbrjRKB586s

18. Dam Barrier that runs across a river to control water flow/generate electricity. A river valley is flooded creating a reservoir. Controversial Three Gorges Dam on Yangtze River in China Fish ladders allow fish to get around dam and continue migration. http://www.history.com/topics/hoover-dam/videos/the- hoover-dam http://www.history.com/topics/hoover-dam/videos/the- hoover-dam

19. Fig. 14-13, p. 317

20. Aqueducts: canals or ditches to transport water Older aqueducts lost much water through leaks and evaporation. New ones made of concrete and steel pipes above or below ground. New York and LA rely heavily on aqeducts for water needs. Problems: water diversion impacts natural river ecosystem. Conflict over who should get the water Aral Sea case study

22. Desalinization: Distillation and Reverse Osmosis http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qZ5ut_4zKug http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qZ5ut_4zKug

24. VI: The Global Water Supply- How water is used -We withdraw more water now than ever-5 fold increase since 1950 -US has highest per capita use -Globally: 70% to irrigate agricultural land/20% industry/10% domestic/household use

25. Fig. 13-4, p. 322

26. Fig. 13-6, p. 323

27. Agriculture Ag output has kept up with irrigation because of large inputs-mostly water. India, China, US, Pakistan account for more than half the irrigated land in the world. 1. Drip irrigation 2. irrigate at night 3. Monitor moisture with computer sensor 4. Line canals that transport water 5. Grow water efficient/drought tolerant crops 6. Hydroponics

28. Modern Marvels

29. Industry Generating electricity, cooling machinery, refining metals, manufacturing goods Households Toilet flushing biggest user! 1. Water saving toilet, shower head, washer/water-less composting toilets 2. Re-use gray water 3. Increase Price/ Full cost pricing / Remove subsidies 4. Fix water leaks

32. III. Too Little Fresh Water Emerging Water Shortages Reasons For Shortages Dry climate Drought Too Many People Waste Lack of money to drill deep wells and water distribution systems http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/world/ 2000/world_water_crisis/default.stm http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2010/04/water- slaves/rosenberg-text

33. http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=5362301n Kenya Pics National Geographic-The Burden of Thirst http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q54a4PCV9Ac http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2010/04/water- slaves/rosenberg-text http://www.npr.org/2014/05/06/309101579/drought- stricken-texas-town-turns-to-toilets-for-water